Triplicate ureter

Smith, I.S.

doi:10.1002/bjs.18003413409

Cited by 81 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Taken together, our results suggest that this vaccine should be further developed by testing different dose regimens and by formulating the vaccine with adjuvant (20,21,(32)(33)(34)(35)(36). It also remains to be determined whether i.m.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A pilot clinical trial of a recombinant ricin vaccine in normal humans

Vitetta

Smallshaw

Coleman³

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Ricin, a highly potent toxin produced by castor beans, is classified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as a level B biothreat because it is easily produced, readily available, and highly stable. There have been >750 cases of documented ricin intoxication in humans. There is no approved vaccine for ricin. Ricin contains a lectin-binding B chain and a ribotoxic A chain (RTA). In addition to its ribotoxic site, we have identified a separate site on RTA that is responsible for inducing vascular leak syndrome (VLS) in humans. We have generated a recombinant RTA with two amino acid substitutions that disrupt its ribotoxic site (Y80A) and its VLS-inducing site (V76M). This mutant recombinant RTA (named RiVax) was expressed and produced in Escherichia coli and purified. When RiVax was injected i.m. into mice it protected them against a ricin challenge of 10 LD 50 s. Preclinical studies in both mice and rabbits demonstrated that RiVax was safe. Based on these results, we have now conducted a pilot clinical trial in humans under an investigational new drug application submitted to the Food and Drug Administration. In this study, three groups of five normal volunteers were injected three times at monthly intervals with 10, 33, or 100 μg of RiVax. The vaccine was safe and elicited ricin-neutralizing Abs in one of five individuals in the low-dose group, four of five in the intermediate-dose group, and five of five in the high-dose group. These results justify further development of the vaccine.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A pilot clinical trial of a recombinant ricin vaccine in normal humans

Vitetta

Smallshaw

Coleman³

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Smith classified triplication into four types: type I (35%), three separate ureters from the kidney with three separate draining orifices to the bladder; type II (21%), three ureters arising from the kidney with two of these joining and draining into two orifices; type III(31%), all three ureters joining together before reaching the bladder and draining through a single orifice; and type IV (9%), two ureters arising from the kidney with one becoming an inverse Y bifurcation and draining into three orifices [1].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ureteral triplication is a rare congenital malformation of the urinary system and classified into four types [1]. Ureteral duplication occurs in 0.3-0.8% of the population, but ureteral triplication has been very rarely described [2].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ureteral Triplication Associated with Ipsilateral Ureterocele and Ureterolithiasis - Uncommon Congenital Anomaly

Nayyar¹

2017

Austin J Radiol

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Ureteral triplication is a rare congenital malformation of the urinary system and classified into four types. Ureteral triplication is a developmental abnormality of the ureteral bud originating from the Wolffian duct at the 5th week of embryological life. With ureteral triplication, three ureteral buds likely develop independently from the mesonephric duct, or from early fission of one or more of the ureteral buds to join the metanephros.

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“…The case reported herein shows Smith's [1] third type of tripli cation on the left side in which the three ureters join before reaching the bladder (here 3 pelves) [2]. Smith [1] was the first, followed by the American Academy of Pediatrics in 1984, to apply the name trifid to those instances of triplicate ureter in which the triplication was not complete from the kidney to the bladder [3,4].…”

Section: Commentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Smith [1] was the first, followed by the American Academy of Pediatrics in 1984, to apply the name trifid to those instances of triplicate ureter in which the triplication was not complete from the kidney to the bladder [3,4]. However, it may be difficult to decide whether the left kidney is a trifid pelvis or merely a pedicular arrangement or elongation of the major calyces in association with a rudimentary pelvis [5,6].…”

Section: Commentsmentioning

confidence: 99%