Tripterygium Ingredients for Pathogenicity Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease mainly characterized by chronic polyarthritis. Many types of cells play pivotal roles in the pathogenicity of RA, such as T cells, B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), osteoclasts (OCs), and fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f. (TwHf) and its ingredients are able to control disease activity by regulating the functions of cells mentioned above, and the clinical studies have highlighted the importance of TwHf ingredients in RA treatment. They have been demonstrated to improve the RA symptoms of animal models and patients. In this review, we discussed the effect of TwHf ingredients on pathogenicity cells, including disease/cell phenotypes and molecular mechanisms. Here, we constructed a cell-cell interaction network to visualize the effect of TwHf ingredients. We found that TwHf ingredients could inhibit the differentiation and proliferation of the pathogenicity cells. Besides, the components could decrease the levels of pathogenicity cytokines [i.e., interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)]. Many signaling pathways are involved in the underlying mechanisms, such as PI3K, NF-κB, and MAPK signaling pathways.

Beneficial Modulation of Lipid Mediator Biosynthesis in Innate Immune Cells by Antirheumatic Tripterygium wilfordii Glycosides

“…Some of these trials have even indicated that TWG may achieve better effectiveness than DMARDs monotherapy in patients with RA [ 20 ], but multi-organ toxicity and diverse side-effects of TWG have been reported [ 21 ]. The anti-rheumatic efficacy of TWG is based on immunosuppression, anti-inflammation, anti-angiogenesis, and bone and cartilage protection activities, due to reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines and PGs, adhesion molecules and matrix metalloproteinases by macrophages, lymphocytes, synovial fibroblasts and chondrocytes [ 21 , 22 ], but the precise mechanisms of action are still obscure and await more detailed explorations. Triptolide and celastrol are the predominant constituents of TWG, accounting for the pharmacological features as well as for the reported toxicity [ 23 ].…”

Network Pharmacology-Based Analysis on the Curative Effect of Kunxian Capsules against Rheumatoid Arthritis

“…Icariin inhibited STAT3 activation in T cells, resulting in decreased IL-17 production and alleviated RA [ 51 ]. Moreover, IL-6, IL-1 β , and TNF- α were vital pathogenicity cytokines, which could be reduced by components of TH [ 52 , 53 , 55 ]. Other involved chemokines included CCLs and CXCLs [ 38 ].…”

“…rough UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS analysis, 67 chemical constituents were identified from the 70% methanol-in-water extract of KC according to mass fragmentation patterns based on a previously established KC-specified in-house library (Figure 1). Among them, 43 compounds (1,2,3,4,5,8,10,11,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,37,43,45,47,48,50,51,52,55,58, 60, 63, 64, 66, and 67) were authenticated by comparison to the mass spectrums of the corresponding chemical standards, as indicated by a star symbol ( * ) in Table S1.…”

Hyaluronic acid Hydrogels Hybridized with Au-Triptolide Nanoparticle for Intra-articular targeted multi-therapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis

“…RA-FLSs are a key component of this invasive synovium and have a major role in the initiation and perpetuation of destructive joint in ammation [45]. RA-FLS releases important in ammatory cytokines (TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6, IL-21, IL-22, and IL-32), chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL5, MCP-1, G-CSF, and IL-8) and In ammatory mediators (TLR-2, TLR-3, TLR-4, iNOS, and COX-2), which promotes the in ltration of monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, DCs, T cells, and B cells into joints and results in chronic in ammation and joint destruction [44]. Studies in recent years have demonstrated that the mammalian target of rapamycin/p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (mTOR/p70S6K) signaling pathway is over-activated in RA-FLSs, which plays an important role in regulating cell apoptosis and survival, as in Fig.…”