Tris(2,2-bipyridyl)ruthenium (II) chemiluminescence in a microflow injection system for codeine determination

Greenway, Gillian M.; Nelstrop, Lorna J.; Port, Simon N.

doi:10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00691-1

Cited by 82 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…[29][30][31][32][33][34] Obviously a greater concentration of [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2+ will give a stronger ECL signal until self-quenching becomes an issue therefore it was decided to use a [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2+ concentration of 1 mM in this work. Next we study the effect of pH on the ECL emission of the [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2+ .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroanalytical Sensing of Ketamine Using Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence

Lledo-Fernandéz

Pollard

Kruanetr

2013

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The electro-analytical sensing of Ketamine is reported for the first time utilizing [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2+ as a Electrochemiluminescent reagent probe. The niche of this electro-analytical method is the lack of any sample pre-treatment as well as being cost and time effective. The methodology is shown to be useful for quantifying low levels, ng/mL, Ketamine in not only buffered solutions but also in an alcoholic beverage. We have successfully demonstrated the detection of Ketamine over a range of Ketamine concentrations 2000 ng/mL to 50 ng/mL in buffer solution. A linear response is observed (ECL emission/mV = 0.0098x+6.120, R 2 = 0.9915 and N = 5) with a detection limit of 33 ng/mL (based on 3-sigma). The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of Ketamine in an alcoholic beverage sample -Gordon's Gin & Tonic. , is a synthetic, sedative, non-barbiturate, and fast acting anesthetic, which is able to block the receptor of N-methyl-d-asparate (NMDA) and is believed to affect opioid, adrenergic, cholinergic and serotonin receptors.1,2 Ketamine is a drug used in human and veterinary medicine, primarily for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, usually in combination with a sedative 3-5 (which is depicted in Figure 1).The increase in illicit use prompted ketamine's placement in Schedule III of the United States Controlled Substance Act in August 1999. 5,6 It became labeled a Class C drug on 1 January 2006 in the United Kingdom. 6 The recreational use of Ketamine has increased popularity worldwide over the last 10 years. 3,5 In fact, ketamine has surpassed other club drugs and even replaced heroin as the predominant drug of abuse in Hong Kong since the early 2000 7 with user experiencing hallucinations and a cataleptic state called the "K-hole." 5,6 Ketamine is generally analyzed by using immunoassays, 8 Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS) 2,9,10 or Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) 11-13 methodologies in biological matrixes. The drawbacks to these methods are that the times for the analysis are longer than 6 minutes per sample and a liquidliquid extraction prior to analysis is also needed.14-16 Tu et al. 8 reported an electrochemical impedimetric immunosensor for determining Ketamine in buffered samples. This method offers very low detection limits.Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is an advantageous analytical tool, which is cost effective, portable and fast. [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2+ is one the most important ECL reagents and the most widely used complexes for analytical investigations and applications owing to their excellent intrinsic characteristics. [17][18][19][20] It has been widely employed in biological matrixes, 21 pharmaceutical 22 and some drugs containing tertiary amine functional group 21,23-25 due to its continuance, sensitivity, reproducibility and selectivity toward many target analytes. 21,24,26,27 Generally, the amino group present in amine produces a secondary amine following by a dealkylation process in the presence of water. The radical cation of the ami...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroanalytical Sensing of Ketamine Using Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence

Lledo-Fernandéz

Pollard

Kruanetr

2013

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…An intensified multichannel photodetector IMUC-7000 (Otsuka Electronics, Osaka, Japan) was used for the analysis of the CL spectra. The CL reactions of Ru(bpy) 3 2+ solution with the strongly oxidants, e.g., KMnO 4 and Ce(SO 4 ) 2 have been applied in the analysis [22,23,24,25]. The applications of the chemically generated Ru(bpy) 3 3+ in the analysis were relatively few due to the oxidant reagent reacted not only with Ru(bpy) 3 2+ complex but also with the analytes in the mixture solution.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemiluminescent investigation of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) immobilized on a cationic ion-exchange resin and its application to analysis

Lin

Yamada

2002

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

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Tris-(2, 2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) complex, Ru(bpy) 3 2+ , was immobilized on the Dowex-50 W cationic ion-exchange resin. The chemiluminescent characteristics of Ru(bpy) 3 2+ in solution and in resin form were compared by using batch and flow injection methods. A strong chemiluminescence was observed during the reaction of Ru(bpy) 3 2+ both in solution and in resin with KMnO 4 or Ce(SO 4 ) 2 under acidic or basic conditions. The Ru(bpy) 3 2+ immobilized resin is stable, which can be used at least for 6 months when it reacts with the dilute KMnO 4 solution. Based on this property, Ru(bpy) 3 2+ immobilized in the resin phase was developed as a flow-through chemiluminescent sensor that could be used to determine oxalate, sulfite and ethanol chemically or electronically with Ru(bpy) 3 3+ generation on the surface of resin. The limits of detection were 1×10 -6 M for oxalate, 0.5% (v/v) for ethanol and 1×10 -7 M for sulfite. The method has been successfully applied to determine sulfite in sugar.

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“…, such as proline [12], guanine [13], codeine [14], nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) [15], hydrogen peroxide [16], thus making ECL a very important technique for rapid and simple detection. Often these small molecules lack fluorescence, do not absorb in the UV-Vis region, and demonstrate weak electroactivity, which makes their detection challenging and derivatisation is frequently necessary.…”

Section: +mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Solid-State Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) Sensor Based on Ru(bpy)32+-Encapsulated Silica Nanoparticles for the Detection of Biogenic Polyamines

2015

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Abstract:A solid state electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor based on Ru(bpy)3 2+ -encapsulated silica nanoparticles (RuNP) covalently immobilised on a screen printed carbon electrode has been developed and characterised. RuNPs were synthesised using water-in-oil microemulsion method, amino groups were introduced on their surface, and they were characterised by transmission electron microscopy. Aminated RuNPs were covalently immobilised on activate screen-printed carbon electrodes to form a solid state ECL biosensor. The biosensor surfaces were characterised using electrochemistry and scanning electron microscopy, which showed that aminated nanoparticles formed dense 3D layers on the electrode surface thus allowing immobilisation of high amount of Ru(bpy)3 2+ . The developed sensor was used for ECL detection of biogenic polyamines, namely spermine, spermidine, cadaverine and putrescine. The sensor exhibited high sensitivity and stability.

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Tris(2,2-bipyridyl)ruthenium (II) chemiluminescence in a microflow injection system for codeine determination

Cited by 82 publications

References 27 publications

Electroanalytical Sensing of Ketamine Using Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence

Electroanalytical Sensing of Ketamine Using Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence

Chemiluminescent investigation of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) immobilized on a cationic ion-exchange resin and its application to analysis

Development of Solid-State Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) Sensor Based on Ru(bpy)32+-Encapsulated Silica Nanoparticles for the Detection of Biogenic Polyamines

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