Tritrichomonas fetus extracellular products decrease progressive motility of bull sperm

Polyphenolics from Albizia harveyi Exhibit Antioxidant Activities and Counteract Oxidative Damage and Ultra-Structural Changes of Cryopreserved Bull Semen

“…In apoptosis, phosphatidylserines are located outside the plasma membrane of sperm and then can be detected by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated annexin-V. The annexin-V binding assay describes four sperm subpopulations in bull semen samples, which come in agreement with results revealed by electron microscopy: two categories of live spermatozoa (i) viable (A−/PI−) with membrane intact and (ii) early apoptotic spermatozoa (A+/PI−) with minimal membrane changes; and two other categories of dead spermatozoa (i) apoptotic cells (A+/PI+) which have damaged membranes (swelling membrane); and (ii) necrotic cells (A−/PI+) with completely lost sperm membrane integrity as well as chromatin changes [ 21 ].…”

N-Propargylated isatin-Mannich mono- and bis-adducts: Synthesis and preliminary analysis of in vitro activity against Tritrichomonas foetus

“…The infection in bulls is primarily acquired through direct sexual contact and is asymptomatic in nature affecting neither the semen quality nor the sexual behaviour although in some cases, early death of developing foetus has also been observed [5e7]. Literature rationale has also revealed that the parasite provoked cell death to bovine oviduct epithelial cells [8] and extracellular products secreted by T. foetus were cytotoxic to bovine sperm [9]. Although the use of artificial insemination in breeding cattle has led to the virtual eradication of this organism from the cattle population in many countries, bovine trichomonad infection still is responsible for significant economic losses in the free-ranging cattle industry around the world.…”