Tropism and molecular pathogenesis of canine distemper virus

Abstract

Background Canine distemper virus (CDV), currently termed Canine morbillivirus , is an extremely contagious disease that affects dogs. It is identified as a multiple cell tropism pathogen, and its host range includes a vast array of species. As a member of Mononegavirales , CDV has a negative, single-stranded RNA genome, which encodes eight proteins. Main body Regarding the molecular pathogenesis, the hemagglutinin protein (H) plays a crucial role both in the antigenic recognition and the viral interaction with SLAM and nectin-4, the host cells’ receptors. These cellular receptors have been studied widely as CDV receptors in vitro in different cellular models. The SLAM receptor is located in lymphoid cells; therefore, the infection of these cells by CDV leads to immunosuppression, the severity of which can lead to variability in the clinical disease with the potential of secondary bacterial infection, up to and including the development of neurological signs in its later stage. Conclusion Improving the understanding of the CDV molecules implicated in the determination of infection, especially the H protein, can help to enhance the biochemical comprehension of the difference between a wide range of CDV variants, their tropism, and different steps in viral infection. The regions of interaction between the viral proteins and the identified host cell receptors have been elucidated to facilitate this understanding. Hence, this review describes the significant molecular and cellular characteristics of CDV that contribute to viral pathogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-019-1136-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A Bivalent Human Adenovirus Type 5 Vaccine Expressing the Rabies Virus Glycoprotein and Canine Distemper Virus Hemagglutinin Protein Confers Protective Immunity in Mice and Foxes

“…Many studies have proved that the H protein plays a pivotal role in eliciting the protective immune response during CDV infection (Bhatt et al, 2019). The H protein contains cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes that induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) antiviral activity in animals and has become a target for developing novel genetically engineered vaccines (Rendon-Marin et al, 2019).…”

Systematic Review of Important Viral Diseases in Africa in Light of the ‘One Health’ Concept

“…To date, there has been no evidence of a human infection by CDV; however, it was reported that CDV was isolated from a human cancer cell line [305]. In addition, further investigation is required to determine whether CDV can initiate a cross-species event in humans because of virus adaption [306].…”

Development of a double monoclonal antibody–based sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting canine distemper virus

“…Its 15,690-nt viral genome encodes six open reading frames (ORFs) corresponding to six proteins: nuclear protein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), fusion protein (F), hemagglutinin protein (H), and large protein (L) (Martinez-Gutierrez and Ruiz-Saenz 2016; Sidhu et al 1993). Of these proteins, CDV H and F glycoproteins are located on viral particle surfaces and are responsible for virus attachment to host cells and fusion with the host cell membrane (Rendon-Marin et al 2019). Importantly, several previous studies have shown that the F protein is a highly conserved immunogenic protein and an important antigen for inducing neutralizing antibodies against CDV (David et al 2019).…”