Troubleshooting in Mechanics: A Heuristic Matching Process

Besnard, Denis; Cacitti, Lucile

doi:10.1007/pl00011530

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Updating a mental model is a crucial step in this kind of diagnosis-like activity and it can be flawed even among expert operators. This has been experimentally demonstrated among mechanics and electronics operators (Besnard, 2000;Besnard & Cacitti, 2001) and has been the cause of other air crashes (NTSB, 1997;METT, 1993). So it is fair to say that the pilots of the DC-10 achieved a high level of performance.…”

Section: Desirable Violations: the Sioux City Emergency Landingmentioning

confidence: 83%

A cognitive approach to safe violations

Besnard

Greathead²

2003

Cognition, Technology & Work

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Classically, humans have been perceived as a source of faults in systems. Modern ergonomic views are promoting a somewhat different idea according to which humans are a factor of safety in unexpected situations. The safety of a system cannot be achieved without taking into account these two sides of cognition which compose what is called cognitive flexibility. In this paper, we will consider the cases of a nuclear accident and a plane crash-landing where human cognitive flexibility has impacted on the final safety of the system. We aim to discuss the violations that humans have performed in these cases with the assumption that they do not always deteriorate system safety. The discussion gravitates around a core argument according to which violations per se do not inform on the safety impairments in a system. Some other dimensions have to be taken into account. Among these, we are of the opinion that the accuracy of the operators' mental model plays a key role, allowing some violations to improve system safety in emergency situations.

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Section: Desirable Violations: the Sioux City Emergency Landingmentioning

confidence: 83%

A cognitive approach to safe violations

Besnard

Greathead²

2003

Cognition, Technology & Work

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“…Consequently, the difficulty to avoid the sudden pedestrian appearance was probably enhanced for experienced drivers who drove with a routine automation in a monotonous environment without being flexible. Indeed, routine automation might have produced difficulties to switch from an automatic action to a controlled one which can involve errors (Besnard, & Cacitti, 2001). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overload depending on driving experience and situation complexity: Which strategies faced with a pedestrian crossing?

Paxion¹,

Galy

Berthelon³

2015

Applied Ergonomics

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To cite this version:Julie Paxion, Edith Galy, Catherine Berthelon. Overload depending on driving experience and situation complexity: which strategies faced with a pedestrian crossing?. Applied Ergonomics, Elsevier, 2015, pp.343-349. 10 AbstractThe purpose of this study was to identify the influence of situation complexity and driving experience on subjective workload and driving performance, and the less costly and the most effective strategies faced with a hazard pedestrian crossing. Four groups of young drivers (15 traditionally trained novices, 12 early-trained novices, 15 with three years of experience and 15 with a minimum of five years of experience) were randomly assigned to three situations (simple, moderately complex and very complex) including unexpected pedestrian crossings, in a driving simulator. The subjective workload was collected by the NASA-TLX questionnaire after each situation. The main results confirmed that the situation complexity and the lack of experience increased the subjective workload. Moreover, the subjective workload, the avoidance strategies and the reaction times influenced the number of collisions depending on situation complexity and driving experience. These results must be taken into account to target the prevention actions.

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“…The five unsuccessful expert participants in the study demonstrated routine expertise, because they were unable to modify their automated procedures. However, the five remaining experts demonstrated adaptive expertise; their automated skills ultimately did not prohibit successful outcomes (Besnard & Cacitti, 2001).…”

Section: Adaptivity and Expertisementioning

confidence: 99%

The Implications of Research on Expertise for Curriculum and Pedagogy

Feldon

2006

Educ Psychol Rev

123

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Instruction on problem solving in particular domains typically relies on explanations from experts about their strategies. However, research indicates that such self-reports often are incomplete or inaccurate (e.g., Chao & Salvendy, 1994;Cooke & Breedin, 1994). This article evaluates research on experts' cognition, the accuracy of experts' self-reports, and the efficacy of instruction based on experts' self-reports. Analysis of this evidence indicates that experts' free recall of strategies introduces errors and omissions into instructional materials that hinder student success. In contrast, when experts engage in structured knowledge elicitation techniques (e.g., cognitive task analysis), the resultant instruction is more effective. Based on these findings, the article provides a theoretical explanation of experts' self-report errors and discusses implications for the continued improvement of instructional design processes.

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Troubleshooting in Mechanics: A Heuristic Matching Process

Cited by 3 publications

References 41 publications

A cognitive approach to safe violations

A cognitive approach to safe violations

Overload depending on driving experience and situation complexity: Which strategies faced with a pedestrian crossing?

The Implications of Research on Expertise for Curriculum and Pedagogy

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