Trust Games and Beyond

Alós–Ferrer, Carlos; Farolfi, Federica

doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00887

Cited by 81 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…While it could be explained by a variety of scenarios in the real life, it also appears that the relevance or validity of existing methods are still under debate. For instance, it is not clear to what extent behavioral, especially physiological, measures can be used as a proxy to capture trust [5,153] or whether single-item questionnaires are as robust as multi-question questionnaires [182].…”

Section: Main Findings and Guidelinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

How to Evaluate Trust in AI-Assisted Decision Making? A Survey of Empirical Methodologies

Vereschak

Bailly

Caramiaux

2021

Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.

105

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The spread of AI-embedded systems involved in human decision making makes studying human trust in these systems critical. However, empirically investigating trust is challenging. One reason is the lack of standard protocols to design trust experiments. In this paper, we present a survey of existing methods to empirically investigate trust in AI-assisted decision making and analyse the corpus along the constitutive elements of an experimental protocol. We find that the definition of trust is not commonly integrated in experimental protocols, which can lead to findings that are overclaimed or are hard to interpret and compare across studies. Drawing from empirical practices in social and cognitive studies on human-human trust, we provide practical guidelines to improve the methodology of studying Human-AI trust in decision-making contexts. In addition, we bring forward research opportunities of two types: one focusing on further investigation regarding trust methodologies and the other on factors that impact Human-AI trust.CCS Concepts: • Human-centered computing → HCI theory, concepts and models.

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Section: Main Findings and Guidelinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

How to Evaluate Trust in AI-Assisted Decision Making? A Survey of Empirical Methodologies

Vereschak

Bailly

Caramiaux

2021

Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.

105

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“…When information about how others behaved in the past is available, it largely impacts trustworthiness judgments (Delgado et al, 2005;Shen et al, 2020). Similarly, when given the opportunity to interact multiple times with unfamiliar partners, perceivers typically observe and monitor the behavior of their partners, and base their trust decisions on the behavioral information acquired through experience in a reciprocal fashion, showing more trust with trustworthy individuals, and less trust with untrustworthy individuals (Axelrod and Hamilton, 1981;King-Casas et al, 2005;Alós-Ferrer and Farolfi, 2019;.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Older and Younger Adults Perform Similarly in an Iterated Trust Game

Telga

Lupiáñez

2021

Front. Psychol.

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In social contexts, aging is typically associated with a greater reliance on heuristics, such as categorical information and stereotypes. The present research examines younger and older adults’ use of individuating and age-based categorical information when gauging whether or not to trust unfamiliar targets. In an adaptation of the iterated Trust Game, participants had to predict the cooperative tendencies of their partners to earn economic rewards in first encounters – in a context in which they knew nothing about their partners, and across repeated interactions – in a context in which they could learn the individual cooperative tendency of each partner. In line with previous research, we expected all participants to rely on stereotypes in first encounters, and progressively learn to disregard stereotypes to focus on individuating behavioral cues across repeated interactions. Moreover, we expected older participants to rely more on social categories than younger participants. Our results indicate that overall, both the elderly and the young adopted an individuating approach to predict the cooperative behaviors of their partners across trials. However, older adults more consistently relied on gender (but not age) stereotypes to make cooperation decisions at zero acquaintance. The impact of context, motivation, and relevance of categorical information in impression formation is discussed.

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“…These behaviors have been described in different ways and using different terminologies. They include pair bonding, attachment, and social learning/memory, social salience and emotional empathy, recognition and interpretation of emotions, behavioral synchrony, familiarization and within group co-operation, altruism, generosity and trust, reward sensitivity, calmness and reduction of stress, and amelioration of anxiety (anxiolytic effects; e.g., Kosfeld et al, 2005 ; Baumgartner et al, 2008 ; Ditzen et al, 2009 ; Strathearn et al, 2009 ; Hurlemann et al, 2010 ; De Dreu, 2012 ; Fischer-Shofty et al, 2012 ; Tops et al, 2013 ; Bethlehem et al, 2014 ; Preckel et al, 2014 ; Shamay-Tsoory and Abu-Akel, 2016 ; Feldman, 2017 ; Fineberg and Ross, 2017 ; Leppanen et al, 2017 ; Wang et al, 2017 ; Ellenbogen, 2018 ; Geng et al, 2018 ; Jurek and Neumann, 2018 ; Rilling et al, 2018 ; Alos-Ferrer and Farolfi, 2019 ; Liu et al, 2019 ; Tillman et al, 2019 ; Sicorello et al, 2020 ; Wu et al, 2020 ). Analyses of the impact of oxytocin on neural activity imaged in the brains of healthy subjects generally reflect this, with altered activity in interconnected structures associated with valence, salience, trust, prosocial behavior and mentalizing, including the amygdala, insula, nucleus accumbens, lateral septum, anterior cingulate, hippocampus, caudate, tempero-parietal cortex, dorsomedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (e.g., Kirsch et al, 2005 ; Rilling and Sanfey, 2011 ; Bethlehem et al, 2013 ; Eckstein et al, 2017 ; Wang et al, 2017 ; Rilling et al, 2018 ; Kumar et al, 2020 ; Wu et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Oxytocin In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects Of Exogenous Administration Of Oxytocinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Links Between the Neurobiology of Oxytocin and Human Musicality

Harvey

2020

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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The human species possesses two complementary, yet distinct, universal communication systems—language and music. Functional imaging studies have revealed that some core elements of these two systems are processed in closely related brain regions, but there are also clear differences in brain circuitry that likely underlie differences in functionality. Music affects many aspects of human behavior, especially in encouraging prosocial interactions and promoting trust and cooperation within groups of culturally compatible but not necessarily genetically related individuals. Music, presumably via its impact on the limbic system, is also rewarding and motivating, and music can facilitate aspects of learning and memory. In this review these special characteristics of music are considered in light of recent research on the neuroscience of the peptide oxytocin, a hormone that has both peripheral and central actions, that plays a role in many complex human behaviors, and whose expression has recently been reported to be affected by music-related activities. I will first briefly discuss what is currently known about the peptide’s physiological actions on neurons and its interactions with other neuromodulator systems, then summarize recent advances in our knowledge of the distribution of oxytocin and its receptor (OXTR) in the human brain. Next, the complex links between oxytocin and various social behaviors in humans are considered. First, how endogenous oxytocin levels relate to individual personality traits, and then how exogenous, intranasal application of oxytocin affects behaviors such as trust, empathy, reciprocity, group conformity, anxiety, and overall social decision making under different environmental conditions. It is argued that many of these characteristics of oxytocin biology closely mirror the diverse effects that music has on human cognition and emotion, providing a link to the important role music has played throughout human evolutionary history and helping to explain why music remains a special prosocial human asset. Finally, it is suggested that there is a potential synergy in combining oxytocin- and music-based strategies to improve general health and aid in the treatment of various neurological dysfunctions.

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Trust Games and Beyond

Cited by 81 publications

References 89 publications

How to Evaluate Trust in AI-Assisted Decision Making? A Survey of Empirical Methodologies

How to Evaluate Trust in AI-Assisted Decision Making? A Survey of Empirical Methodologies

Older and Younger Adults Perform Similarly in an Iterated Trust Game

Links Between the Neurobiology of Oxytocin and Human Musicality

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