Trypanosomosis in small ruminants maintained by low riverine tsetse population in central Nigeria

Kalu, Arunsi Ukairo; Oboegbulem, S. I.; Uzoukwu, M

doi:10.1016/s0921-4488(00)00215-7

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The high prevalence of T. vivax corroborates other findings in domestic animals [25] as well as wild animals [20,26,27]. This may result from the level of pathogenicity of this trypanosome, which is generally low and better controlled by animals [28], and/or from the mechanical transmission, which has been reported in T. vivax, T. evansi and to a certain extent T. congolense [29] .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Molecular epidemiological studies on animal trypanosomiases in Ghana

et al. 2012

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BackgroundAfrican trypanosomes are extracellular protozoan parasites that are transmitted between mammalian hosts by the bite of an infected tsetse fly. Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness is caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense or T. brucei gambiense, while African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) is caused mainly by T. vivax, T. congolense, T. simiae,T. evansi and T. brucei brucei. Trypanosomiasis is of public health importance in humans and is also the major constraint for livestock productivity in sub-Saharan African countries. Scanty information exists about the trypanosomiasis status in Ghana especially regarding molecular epidemiology. Therefore, this study intended to apply molecular tools to identify and characterize trypanosomes in Ghana.MethodsA total of 219 tsetse flies, 248 pigs and 146 cattle blood samples were collected from Adidome and Koforidua regions in Ghana in 2010. Initial PCR assays were conducted using the internal transcribed spacer one (ITS1) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) primers, which can detect most of the pathogenic trypanosome species and T. vivax-specific cathepsin L-like gene primers. In addition, species- or subgroup-specific PCRs were performed for T. b. rhodesiense, T. b. gambiense, T. evansi and three subgroups of T. congolense.ResultsThe overall prevalence of trypanosomes were 17.4% (38/219), 57.5% (84/146) and 28.6% (71/248) in tsetse flies, cattle and pigs, respectively. T. congolense subgroup-specific PCR revealed that T. congolense Savannah (52.6%) and T. congolense Forest (66.0%) were the endemic subgroups in Ghana with 18.6% being mixed infections. T. evansi was detected in a single tsetse fly. Human infective trypanosomes were not detected in the tested samples.ConclusionOur results showed that there is a high prevalence of parasites in both tsetse flies and livestock in the study areas in Ghana. This enhances the need to strengthen control policies and institute measures that help prevent the spread of the parasites.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Molecular epidemiological studies on animal trypanosomiases in Ghana

et al. 2012

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“…The low prevalence of T. brucei parasites (3.2%) is consistent with previous surveys carried out on the Jos Plateau [12,38], across Nigeria in general [39,40] and elsewhere in Africa in cattle [41-43], and in sheep and goats [44]. The low prevalence in cattle may relate to the reported resistance of indigenous West African cattle to T. brucei infections [38].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

A longitudinal survey of African animal trypanosomiasis in domestic cattle on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria: prevalence, distribution and risk factors

et al. 2013

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BackgroundTrypanosomiasis is a widespread disease of livestock in Nigeria and a major constraint to the rural economy. The Jos Plateau, Nigeria was free from tsetse flies and the trypanosomes they transmit due to its high altitude and the absence of animal trypanosomiasis attracted large numbers of cattle-keeping pastoralists to inhabit the plateau. The Jos Plateau now plays a significant role in the national cattle industry, accommodating approximately 7% of the national herd and supporting 300,000 pastoralists and over one million cattle. However, during the past two decades tsetse flies have invaded the Jos Plateau and animal trypanosomiasis has become a significant problem for livestock keepers.MethodsIn 2008 a longitudinal two-stage cluster survey on the Jos Plateau. Cattle were sampled in the dry, early wet and late wet seasons. Parasite identification was undertaken using species-specific polymerase chain reactions to determine the prevalence and distribution bovine trypanosomiasis. Logistic regression was performed to determine risk factors for disease.ResultsThe prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Trypanosoma congolense savannah, Trypanosoma vivax) across the Jos Plateau was found to be high at 46.8% (39.0 – 54.5%) and significant, seasonal variation was observed between the dry season and the end of the wet season. T. b. brucei was observed at a prevalence of 3.2% (1% – 5.5%); T. congolense at 27.7% (21.8% - 33.6%) and T. vivax at 26.7% (18.2% - 35.3%). High individual variation was observed in trypanosomiasis prevalence between individual villages on the Plateau, ranging from 8.8% to 95.6%. Altitude was found to be a significant risk factor for trypanosomiasis whilst migration also influenced risk for animal trypanosomiasis.ConclusionsTrypanosomiasis is now endemic on the Jos Plateau showing high prevalence in cattle and is influenced by seasonality, altitude and migration practices. Attempts to successfully control animal trypanosomiasis on the Plateau will need to take into account the large variability in trypanosomiasis infection rates between villages, the influence of land use, and husbandry and management practices of the pastoralists, all of which affect the epidemiology of the disease.

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“…Trypanosome prevalence in animals could be affected by several factors such as availability of reservoir hosts, seasonal factors, altitude, fly density and behavior, sensitivity of diagnostic technique, stage of infection, method of sampling, conflict and other human activities [ 11 , 17 , 38 ]. For instance, the microscopy techniques used by different authors varies, while wet mount, thin and thick smear was well-appreciated in the 1960s and 1970s [ 39 , 40 ], more sensitive methods such as buffy coat technique, haematocrit centrifugation technique, sub-inoculation and standard trypanosome detection method were used in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s onwards [ 41 , 42 , 43 ]. There have been arguments on the prevalence of T. vivax in dry and early wet seasons in Nigeria, while T. congolense have been detected more in the wet season [ 11 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A meta-analysis of the prevalence of African animal trypanosomiasis in Nigeria from 1960 to 2017

Odeniran

Ademola

2018

Parasites Vectors

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BackgroundAfrican animal trypanosomiasis is an economically significant disease that affects the livestock industry in Nigeria. It is caused by several parasites of the genus Trypanosoma. National estimates of the disease prevalence in livestock and tsetse flies are lacking, therefore a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to understand the trend of the disease prevalence over the years.MethodsPublications were screened in Web of Science, Ovid MEDLINE, Global Health, EMBASE and PubMed databases. Using four-stage (identification, screening, eligibility and inclusion) process in the PRIMSA checklist, only studies that met the inclusion criteria for AAT and tsetse infections were analysed. Point estimates prevalence and subgroup analyses based on diagnostic techniques in livestock were evaluated at 95% confidence interval (CI).ResultsA total of 74 eligible studies published between 1960 and 2017 were selected for meta-analysis. This covers the six geopolitical zones, involving a total of 53,924 animals. The overall prevalence of AAT was 16.1% (95% CI: 12.3–20.3%). Based on diagnostic techniques, the prevalence of AAT in cattle was highest in PCR followed by serology and microscopy while the highest prevalence in pigs was observed with serology. Out of 12,552 tsetse flies examined from 14 eligible studies, an overall prevalence of 17.3% (95% CI: 4.5–36.0%) and subgroup prevalence of 49.7% (95% CI: 30.7–68.8%), 11.5% (95% CI: 6.1–18.5) and 4.5% (95% CI: 1.8–8.8%) in G. morsitans, G. tachinoides and G. palpalis, respectively, were observed using the random effects-model.ConclusionsThe prevalence of trypanosomes in both vectors and animal hosts was high in Nigeria. Therefore, further research on risk factors, seasonal and transhumance effects, vectoral capacity and competence are warranted for an effective control of AAT in Nigeria.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2801-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Trypanosomosis in small ruminants maintained by low riverine tsetse population in central Nigeria

Cited by 16 publications

References 11 publications

Molecular epidemiological studies on animal trypanosomiases in Ghana

Molecular epidemiological studies on animal trypanosomiases in Ghana

A longitudinal survey of African animal trypanosomiasis in domestic cattle on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria: prevalence, distribution and risk factors

A meta-analysis of the prevalence of African animal trypanosomiasis in Nigeria from 1960 to 2017

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