TTT and PIKK Complex Genes Reverted to Single Copy Following Polyploidization and Retain Function Despite Massive Retrotransposition in Maize

Garcia, Nelson; Messing, Joachim

doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.01723

Cited by 13 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…This finding is also consistent with the gene balance hypothesis. In contrast to a previously described cochaperone, there was no selection against the duplication after allotetraploidization because of the absence of protein-protein interaction (40). Furthermore, the two homeologous regions in the maize genome exhibited a large expansion on chromosome 3 or contraction on chromosome 8, including a segmental inversion between the NAC118/NAC130 and its flanking genes, a pattern previously described for the diploidization of the maize genome (41).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

NAC-type transcription factors regulate accumulation of starch and protein in maize seeds

Zhang

Dong

Chen

et al. 2019

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Grain starch and protein are synthesized during endosperm development, prompting the question of what regulatory mechanism underlies the synchronization of the accumulation of secondary and primary gene products. We found that two endosperm-specific NAC transcription factors, ZmNAC128 and ZmNAC130, have such a regulatory function. Knockdown of expression of ZmNAC128 and ZmNAC130 with RNA interference (RNAi) caused a shrunken kernel phenotype with significant reduction of starch and protein. We could show that ZmNAC128 and ZmNAC130 regulate the transcription of Bt2 and then reduce its protein level, a rate-limiting step in starch synthesis of maize endosperm. Lack of ZmNAC128 and ZmNAC130 also reduced accumulation of zeins and nonzeins by 18% and 24% compared with nontransgenic siblings, respectively. Although ZmNAC128 and ZmNAC130 affected expression of zein genes in general, they specifically activated transcription of the 16-kDa γ-zein gene. The two transcription factors did not dimerize with each other but exemplified redundancy, whereas individual discovery of their function was not amenable to conventional genetics but illustrated the power of RNAi. Given that both the Bt2 and the 16-kDa γ-zein genes were activated by ZmNAC128 or ZmNAC130, we could identify a core binding site ACGCAA contained within their target promoter regions by combining Dual-Luciferase Reporter and Electrophoretic Mobility Shift assays. Consistent with these properties, transcriptomic profiling uncovered that lack of ZmNAC128 and ZmNAC130 had a pleiotropic effect on the utilization of carbohydrates and amino acids. maize endosperm | gene regulation | starch synthesis | protein

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

NAC-type transcription factors regulate accumulation of starch and protein in maize seeds

Zhang

Dong

Chen

et al. 2019

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

141

126

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“…Lower TOR activity was found in reptin, but also sphaghetti and telo2 Arabidopsis mutants. Similarly, tti2 (telo2 interacting protein2) mutants in maize have very reduced TOR activity [23].…”

Section: The Tor Complex In Plants and Algaementioning

confidence: 99%

The Plant Target of Rapamycin: A Conduc TOR of Nutrition and Metabolism in Photosynthetic Organisms

Ingargiola

Duarte

Robaglia

et al. 2020

Genes

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Living organisms possess many mechanisms to sense nutrients and favorable conditions, which allow them to grow and develop. Photosynthetic organisms are very diverse, from green unicellular algae to multicellular flowering plants, but most of them are sessile and thus unable to escape from the biotic and abiotic stresses they experience. The Target of Rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway is conserved in all eukaryotes and acts as a central regulatory hub between growth and extrinsic factors, such as nutrients or stress. However, relatively little is known about the regulations and roles of this pathway in plants and algae. Although some features of the TOR pathway seem to have been highly conserved throughout evolution, others clearly differ in plants, perhaps reflecting adaptations to different lifestyles and the rewiring of this primordial signaling module to adapt to specific requirements. Indeed, TOR is involved in plant responses to a vast array of signals including nutrients, hormones, light, stresses or pathogens. In this review, we will summarize recent studies that address the regulations of TOR by nutrients in photosynthetic organisms, and the roles of TOR in controlling important metabolic pathways, highlighting similarities and differences with the other eukaryotes.

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“…The S‐rich zein genes, z2δ10 and z2δ18 , are located on the homoeologous sections of chromosomes 9 and 6, respectively, because maize is an ancient allotetraploid (Xu and Messing, ). For the gene balance hypothesis, one of the two orthologs could be silenced or eliminated from one of two subgenomes (Schnable et al ., ; Garcia and Messing, ). This was probably not the case for these storage protein genes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Genetic diversity and evolution of reduced sulfur storage during domestication of maize

Yang

Yan

et al. 2018

The Plant Journal

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The domestication of maize has spanned a period of over 9000 years, during which time its wild relative teosinte underwent natural and artificial selection. We hypothesize that environmental conditions could have played a major role in this process. One factor of environmental variation is soil composition, which includes sulfur availability. Sulfur is reduced during photosynthesis and is used to synthesize cysteine and methionine, which drive the accumulation of δ10 (Zm00001d045937), δ18 (Zm00001d037436), β15 (Zm00001d035760), γ16 (Zm00001d005793), γ27 (Zm00001d020592), and γ50 (Zm00001d020591) zeins, representing the zein2 fraction (z2) of storage proteins in maize seeds. In this study, polymorphisms and haplotypes were detected based on six z2 genes in 60 maize and teosintes lines. Haplotypes were unevenly distributed, and abundant genetic diversity was found in teosintes. Polymorphism was highest in z2δ18, whereas for z2β15 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) density and insertion/deletion (indel) abundance were the lowest, indicating differential roles in seed evolution. Indels showed a clustered distribution, and most of these derived from teosintes. The indels not only led to tandem repeat polymorphisms, but also to frameshift mutations, which could also be used as null variants. In addition, neutral evolutionary tests, phylogenetic analyses, and population structures indicated that z2δ10 and z2γ50 had undergone natural selection. Indeed, a natural selection imprint could also be found with z2γ27 and z2γ16, whereas z2δ18 and z2β15 tended to be under neutral evolution. These results suggested that genetic diversity and evolution of a subset of sulfur-rich zeins could be under environmental adaptation during maize domestication.

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TTT and PIKK Complex Genes Reverted to Single Copy Following Polyploidization and Retain Function Despite Massive Retrotransposition in Maize

Cited by 13 publications

References 56 publications

NAC-type transcription factors regulate accumulation of starch and protein in maize seeds

NAC-type transcription factors regulate accumulation of starch and protein in maize seeds

The Plant Target of Rapamycin: A Conduc TOR of Nutrition and Metabolism in Photosynthetic Organisms

Genetic diversity and evolution of reduced sulfur storage during domestication of maize

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