to their unique physical and chemical properties. [2] Therefore, to improve the efficacy of early diagnosis and cure rate, many types of inorganic nanomaterials have been prepared for tumor therapy, such as elemental substances (Au, Ag, Pt, etc.), [3a-c] chemical compounds (carbon-, silic-, nitrogen-, phosphorus-based nanomaterials, etc), [3d-f ] metal organic frameworks, and so on. [3g,h] Among above inorganic nanoterials, phosphorus-based nanomaterials have broad application prospects in the field of biomedicine because phosphorus is one of the crucial component elements in our body and it could maintain vital activities in different aspects: [4] 1) Phosphorus is one of the basic elements in protein and phospholipid and it is necessary to maintain the integrity of cell membranes and perform cell functions. 2) Phosphorus is also a necessary component of phosphate in body fluids and it could regulate the pH balance and energy metabolism. 3) Phosphorus is one of the basic elements of our bone for supporting our body. Among the phosphorus-based nanomaterials, metal phosphorus-based nanomaterials (Metal-P NMs) have been widely explored and studied in cancer diagnosis and therapy due to their unique merits, such as excellent optical absorption, inherent magnetic properties, and biodegradable properties.Metal-P NMs mainly include metal phosphide nanomaterials (e.g., ferrous phosphide (Fe 2 P), [5] iron phosphide (FeP), [6] cuprous phosphide (Cu 3 P), [7] trinickel monophosphide (Ni 3 P), [8] dicobalt phosphide (Co 2 P), [9a-c] cobalt phosphides (CoP), [9d,e] cadmium phosphide (Cd 3 P 2 ), [10] and indium phosphide (InP) [11] ), metal phosphate nanomaterials (e.g., calcium phosphate (CaP), [12] calcium bisphosphonate (CaBP), [13] manganese phosphate (MnP), [14,50] zirconium phosphate (ZrP), [15] magnesium phosphate (MgP), [16] gadolinium phosphate (GdPO 4 ), [17] and copper hydroxyphosphate (Cu 2 (OH)PO 4 ) [18] ), and metalblack phosphorus (Metal-BP) nanocomposite. [19] The excellent optical, magnetic, and catalytic properties make Metal-P NMs can be used as multifunctional diagnostic (photoacoustic imaging (PAI), fluorescent imaging (FI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and nuclear imaging) and therapeutic (photothermal therapy (PTT), chemodynamic therapy (CDT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), and immunotherapy) agents for tumor theranostics. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] Moreover, Metal-P NMs are also suitable to Metal phosphorus-based nanomaterials (Metal-P NMs) including metal phosphate nanomaterials, metal phosphide nanomaterials, and metal-black phosphorus (Metal-BP) nanocomposite are widely used in the field of biomedicine owing to their excellent physical and chemical properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. In recent years, metal phosphate nanomaterials and Metal-BP nanocomposite acted as medicine delivery system have made breakthroughs in tumor diagnosis including magnetic resonance imaging, fluorescence imaging, photoacoustic imaging, nuclear imaging, and therapies ...