Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Mediated by Metal Phosphorus‐Based Nanomaterials

Abstract

to their unique physical and chemical properties. [2] Therefore, to improve the efficacy of early diagnosis and cure rate, many types of inorganic nanomaterials have been prepared for tumor therapy, such as elemental substances (Au, Ag, Pt, etc.), [3a-c] chemical compounds (carbon-, silic-, nitrogen-, phosphorus-based nanomaterials, etc), [3d-f ] metal organic frameworks, and so on. [3g,h] Among above inorganic nanoterials, phosphorus-based nanomaterials have broad application prospects in the field of biomedicine because phosphorus is one of the crucial component elements in our body and it could maintain vital activities in different aspects: [4] 1) Phosphorus is one of the basic elements in protein and phospholipid and it is necessary to maintain the integrity of cell membranes and perform cell functions. 2) Phosphorus is also a necessary component of phosphate in body fluids and it could regulate the pH balance and energy metabolism. 3) Phosphorus is one of the basic elements of our bone for supporting our body. Among the phosphorus-based nanomaterials, metal phosphorus-based nanomaterials (Metal-P NMs) have been widely explored and studied in cancer diagnosis and therapy due to their unique merits, such as excellent optical absorption, inherent magnetic properties, and biodegradable properties.Metal-P NMs mainly include metal phosphide nanomaterials (e.g., ferrous phosphide (Fe 2 P), [5] iron phosphide (FeP), [6] cuprous phosphide (Cu 3 P), [7] trinickel monophosphide (Ni 3 P), [8] dicobalt phosphide (Co 2 P), [9a-c] cobalt phosphides (CoP), [9d,e] cadmium phosphide (Cd 3 P 2 ), [10] and indium phosphide (InP) [11] ), metal phosphate nanomaterials (e.g., calcium phosphate (CaP), [12] calcium bisphosphonate (CaBP), [13] manganese phosphate (MnP), [14,50] zirconium phosphate (ZrP), [15] magnesium phosphate (MgP), [16] gadolinium phosphate (GdPO 4 ), [17] and copper hydroxyphosphate (Cu 2 (OH)PO 4 ) [18] ), and metalblack phosphorus (Metal-BP) nanocomposite. [19] The excellent optical, magnetic, and catalytic properties make Metal-P NMs can be used as multifunctional diagnostic (photoacoustic imaging (PAI), fluorescent imaging (FI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and nuclear imaging) and therapeutic (photothermal therapy (PTT), chemodynamic therapy (CDT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), and immunotherapy) agents for tumor theranostics. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] Moreover, Metal-P NMs are also suitable to Metal phosphorus-based nanomaterials (Metal-P NMs) including metal phosphate nanomaterials, metal phosphide nanomaterials, and metal-black phosphorus (Metal-BP) nanocomposite are widely used in the field of biomedicine owing to their excellent physical and chemical properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. In recent years, metal phosphate nanomaterials and Metal-BP nanocomposite acted as medicine delivery system have made breakthroughs in tumor diagnosis including magnetic resonance imaging, fluorescence imaging, photoacoustic imaging, nuclear imaging, and therapies ...

Connecting Calcium-Based Nanomaterials and Cancer: From Diagnosis to Therapy

“…Recent progress in studying the essential metal elements of the human body has forged a new nexus between disciplines, which has helped to translate basic biochemical research into clinical treatment and diagnosis based on the importance of calcium [ 14 – 17 ]. This transformation is particularly important to cancer because tumor proliferation and invasion are closely related to calcium signals [ 18 ].…”

Ultra-small bimetallic phosphides for dual-modal MRI imaging guided photothermal ablation of tumors

“…Fig. 3C proves that even at a high concentration of 300 μg mL −1 , NiCoP/PVP has no obvious cytotoxicity to 4T1 cells, L929 cells, and CT26 cells, indicating that NiCoP/PVP has good biocompatibility, 29 which is conducive to further biological imaging and treatment. In addition, we also studied the effect of NiCoP/PVP on erythrocyte hemolysis.…”

“…26–28 Recently, metal phosphide nanoparticles have shown great potential in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. 29,30 For example, cobalt phosphide nanomaterials are used as a synergistic photothermal therapeutic agent for tumor chemotherapy/phototherapy guided by T 2 MRI in vivo . 31,32 Porous hollow Ni 3 P nanospheres could be used for T 1 MRI and PTT.…”

Combinational application of metal–organic frameworks‐based nanozyme and nucleic acid delivery in cancer therapy

“…PTT is a widely developed localized cancer therapy that utilizes photo-induced heat generated via near-infrared (IR) irradiation to induce cancer cell death while avoiding damage to other regions (Fusco et al, 2020;Kim et al, 2016;Liu, Wang, Song, & Zhang, 2021a, 2021bQin et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2012Zhang et al, , 2013Zhang et al, , 2014. Compared with traditional therapies, the main advantages of PTT include minimal invasiveness, deep tissue penetration, and ease of use (Cao et al, 2015;Jin et al, 2018;Kim, Blake, et al, 2020;Li et al, 2015;Li, Liu, et al, 2020;Liu et al, 2015;Liu et al, 2016).…”