Tumor interstitial fluid — A treasure trove of cancer biomarkers

Distribution volumes of macromolecules in human ovarian and endometrial cancers—effects of extracellular matrix structure

“…Although our major aim was to use a proteomic approach to quantify several abundant macromolecular probes to be used, this approach also resulted in the identification of many proteins of interest in a biomarker context as might be expected using TIF as a substrate (12). Several earlier reported biomarker candidates were here found to be increased in OC and EC compared with OH, such as stathmin (45), several members of the S100 calcium binding protein group (9,13,38), STIP1 (47), spindlin-1 (10), and PCD6I (30,42).…”

Identification of proteins with different abundance associated with cell migration and proliferation in leiomyoma interstitial fluid by proteomics

“…In addition to nutrients and oxygen, IF contains proteins secreted by tumors via classical and non-classical secretory pathways, as well as proteins released by extracellular vesicles (7). Several studies have shown that tumor growth is not only regulated by the malignancy of the tumor cells, but is also associated with several factors that are present in the tumor microenvironment, including cytokines, electrolytes and other secreted proteins (8).…”

Targeting tumor microenvironment: crossing tumor interstitial fluid by multifunctional nanomedicines

“…Of these TIF markers, 9 proteins (i.e., Calreticulin, CRABP-II, CLIC1, EF 1β, Galectin1, PRDX2, PD-ECGF, PDI and UCTH 5) seem to be the blood circulating molecular markers which can be used for early detection of various solid tumors. 3 …”

“…2 In fact, TIF encompasses plethora of oncomarkers anomalously secreted during tumor development, progression and invasion. 3 In a uniformly perfused tumor, based upon findings by numerical simulations, the elevated TIF pressure (TIFP) is the main driving force for heterogeneous dissemination of macromolecules, in part due to low pressure and non-uniform filtration of tumor microvasculature necessary for extravasation of fluid and macromolecules from microvasculature. As a result, such aberrant high pressure in TIF can hamper the interstitial traverse of therapeutic macromolecules such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and multifunctional nanomedicines.…”