Tunable SNAP microresonators via internal ohmic heating

Vitullo, Dashiell L. P.; Zaki, Sajid; Gardosi, Gabriella; Mangan, B. J.; Windeler, R.S.; Brodsky, Michael; Sumetsky, M.

doi:10.1364/ol.43.004316

Cited by 22 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In Ref. [51], a temporal SNAP BMR was introduced by local heating of a capillary fiber by a nonuniform wire positioned inside it. In particular, fine relative tuning of eigenfrequencies of two coupled SNAP BMRs was demonstrated.…”

Section: Tunable and Reconfigurable Bmrsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical bottle microresonators

Sumetsky

2019

Progress in Quantum Electronics

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The optical microresonators reviewed in this paper are called bottle microresonators because their profile often resembles an elongated spheroid or a microscopic bottle. These resonators are commonly fabricated from an optical fiber by variation of its radius. Generally, variation of the bottle microresonator (BMR) radius along the fiber axis can be quite complex presenting, e.g., a series of coupled BMRs positioned along the fiber. Similar to optical spherical and toroidal microresonators, BMRs support whispering gallery modes (WGMs) which are localized inside the resonator due to the effect of total internal reflection. The elongation of BMRs along the fiber axis enables their several important properties and applications not possible to realize with other optical microresonators. The paper starts with the review of the BMR theory, which includes their spectral properties, slow WGM propagation along BMRs, theory of Surface Nanoscale Axial Photonics (SNAP) BMRs, theory of resonant transmission of light through BMR microresonators coupled to transverse waveguides (microfibers), theory of nonstationary WGMs in BMRs, and theory of nonlinear BMRs. Next, the fabrication methods of BMRs including melting of optical fibers, fiber annealing in SNAP technology, rolling of semiconductor bilayers, solidifying of a UV-curable adhesive, and others are reviewed. Finally, the applications of BMRs which either have been demonstrated or feasible in the nearest future are considered. These applications include miniature BMR delay lines, BMR lasers, nonlinear BMRs, optomechanical BMRs, BMR for quantum processing, and BMR sensors. z mp r mp mp w z n z dz q z z

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Section: Tunable and Reconfigurable Bmrsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical bottle microresonators

Sumetsky

2019

Progress in Quantum Electronics

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“…In our second experiment, we fabricated a 0.5 mm long BMR which is much deeper than those previously demonstrated in SNAP technology [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] and also than BMRs presented in Fig. 2.…”

mentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Several fabrication methods of SNAP devices have been developed. They include CO2 laser annealing [14][15][16][17], introduction of internal stresses by femtosecond laser inscription [18][19][20], variation of the fiber refractive index by local heating [21,22], mechanical tuning by strong bending of optical fibers [23], exploring capillary fibers with a droplet inside [24], slow cooking of microresonators in the capillary fibers [25], as well as fiber tapering [26]. While most of these methods have exceptional precision, they allow the introduction of effective fiber radius variation (ERV) of the fiber by several nanometers only.…”

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confidence: 99%

Microresonator devices lithographically introduced at the optical fiber surface

et al. 2021

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We present a simple lithographic method for fabrication of microresonator devices at the optical fiber surface. First, we undress the predetermined surface areas of a fiber segment from the polymer coating with a focused C O 2 laser beam. Next, using the remaining coating as a mask, we etch the fiber in a hydrofluoric acid solution. Finally, we completely undress the fiber segment from coating to create a chain of silica bottle microresonators with nanoscale radius variation [surface nanoscale axial photonics (SNAP) microresonators]. We demonstrate the developed method by fabrication of a chain of five 1 mm long and 30 nm high microresonators at the surface of a 125 µm diameter optical fiber and a single 0.5 mm long and 291 nm high microresonator at the surface of a 38 µm diameter fiber. As another application, we fabricate a rectangular 5 mm long SNAP microresonator at the surface of a 38 µm diameter fiber and investigate its performance as a miniature delay line. The propagation of a 100 ps pulse with 1 ns delay, 0.035c velocity, and negligible dispersion is demonstrated. In contrast to previously developed approaches in SNAP technology, the developed method allows the introduction of much larger fiber radius variation ranging from nanoscale to microscale.

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“…Multifunctional SNAP devices can be created by modifying a uniform fiber with the introduction of nanoscale effective radius variation (ERV). SNAP resonant structures with nanoscale ERV can be created by using different approaches including annealing with focused CO2 laser beams [1,2], femtosecond laser inscription [3,4], local heating [5], tapering [6], bending [7], and evanescent coupling with droplets in microcapillaries [8]. One of the important applications of the SNAP platform consists in fabrication of miniature processors of optical pulses.…”

Section: Snap (Surface Nanoscale Axial Photonicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The inset of Fig. 3(b) shows that the FWHM of the selected resonant mode was ~ 4 pm corresponding to the intrinsic Q factor of ~ 410 5 . As another verification and an application of the developed method, we have fabricated a longer rectangular microresonator and investigated its group delay time characteristics.…”

Section: Snap (Surface Nanoscale Axial Photonicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rectangular SNAP microresonator fabricated with a femtosecond laser

Zaki

Yang

et al. 2019

Opt. Lett.

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SNAP microresonators, which are fabricated by nanoscale effective radius variation (ERV) of the optical fiber with sub-angstrom precision, can be potentially used as miniature classical and quantum signal processors, frequency comb generators, as well as ultraprecise microfluidic and environmental optical sensors. Many of these applications require the introduction of nanoscale ERV with a large contrast α which is defined as the maximum shift of the fiber cutoff wavelength introduced per unit length of the fiber axis. The previously developed fabrication methods of SNAP structures, which used focused CO2 and femtosecond laser beams, achieved α ~ 0.02 nm/µm. Here we develop a new fabrication method of SNAP microresonators with a femtosecond laser which allows us to demonstrate a 50-fold improvement of previous results and achieve α ~ 1 nm/µm. Furthermore, our fabrication method enables the introduction of ERV which is several times larger than the maximum ERV demonstrated previously. As an example, we fabricate a rectangular SNAP resonator and investigate its group delay characteristics. Our experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical simulations. Overall, the developed approach allows us to reduce the axial scale of SNAP structures by an order of magnitude.

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Tunable SNAP microresonators via internal ohmic heating

Cited by 22 publications

References 20 publications

Optical bottle microresonators

Optical bottle microresonators

Microresonator devices lithographically introduced at the optical fiber surface

Rectangular SNAP microresonator fabricated with a femtosecond laser

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