Tuning protein adsorption on graphene surfaces <i>via</i> laser-induced oxidation

Sitsanidis, Efstratios D.; Schirmer, Johanna; Lampinen, Aku; Mentel, Kamila K.; Hiltunen, Vesa-Matti; Ruokolainen, Visa; Johansson, Andreas; Myllyperkiö, Pasi; Nissinen, Maija; Pettersson, Mika

doi:10.1039/d0na01028f

Cited by 16 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Chemical activation of 2D material crystalline planes for protein adherence has been demonstrated via laser‐induced oxidation in graphene. [ 184 ] The introduced proteins showed a clear aggregation preference toward these areas via noncovalent bonds. [ 184 ] Optical modification is promising for the development of structurally intricate biocompatible devices.…”

Section: Applications Of Optically Modified 2d Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optical Modification of 2D Materials: Methods and Applications

2022

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on the same chip, which is promising for integrated electronics or photonics applications, [7] such as lasers, [8][9][10] optical modulators, [11] and photodetectors. [12] Indeed, 2D materials are an excellent candidate for postsilicone electronics due to their unique properties, versatile scaling of channel length, reduced device dimensionalities, and the possibility of creating circuits nearly at the atomic level. [13] Currently, some of the biggest challenges for 2D material synthesis include the lack of large-scale manufacturing and the necessity of harsh or arduous microand nanofabrication methods. Typical fabrication methods are based on chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and mechanical exfoliation from bulk crystals. The former involves a process that results in layers with relatively high concentrations of atomic impurities, [14] and the latter is limited in producing large area flakes. [14] Further fabrication steps for the incorporation of 2D materials into integrated devices typically require processes like electron-beam lithography and reactive ion etching, [15] both of which can be harmful to flakes that are atomically thin.All-optical processing of 2D materials has been demonstrated to overcome limitations of the conventional synthesis methods. It is time-and cost-effective, and it is also a promising fabrication alternative over CVD and mechanical exfoliation. Optical modification processes offer selectivity, locality, directionality, tunability, less harmful conditions, and on-demand functionalities, such as optical doping, [16][17][18][19] oxidation, [20][21][22][23] optical thinning, [24][25][26][27][28] and phase change. [29][30][31][32] Additionally, almost all of the optical modification and fabrication methods can be used for laser-direct writing (LDW) of patterns and structures at the microscale. [33][34][35][36] The high precision of LDW is particularly advantageous in the evolving world of nanofabrication. Lasers allow local modification of 2D material electronic bandgap, [37] thickness, [25] strain, [33,[38][39][40] and chemical composition, [19,41,42] even beyond the diffraction limit. [33] The created structures and patterns can often be directly used for applications in sensors, [22] energyprocessing devices, [43] and holography [44] (Figure 1). All the major demonstrations using LDW on 2D materials are listed in Table 1. Here, we review the optically assisted synthesis and fabrication methods of 2D materials, and their state-of-theart applications, providing detailed descriptions and features of optically engineered devices using 2D materials. We have straightforwardly introduced light-matter interactions and 2D-material-light interactions, and we also present our perspectives on this emerging field.2D materials are under extensive research due to their remarkable properties suitable for various optoelectronic, photonic, and biological applications, yet their conventional fabrication methods are typically harsh and costineffective. Optical modification is demonstrated as an effective an...

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Section: Applications Of Optically Modified 2d Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 184 ] The introduced proteins showed a clear aggregation preference toward these areas via noncovalent bonds. [ 184 ] Optical modification is promising for the development of structurally intricate biocompatible devices.…”

Section: Applications Of Optically Modified 2d Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Modification of 2D Materials: Methods and Applications

2022

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“…However, once the glutaraldehyde and OR2AG1 receptor proteins were attached, the Raman peaks shifted again in the opposite direction, indicating that a p-doping effect was taking place. This p-doping effect took place due to the charge transfer occurring between the glutaraldehyde/protein layers and the graphene buried underneath [35,[38][39][40][41]. After the final functionalization step, the doping level of the graphene was shown to be p-doped overall, resulting in the graphene being further away from the charge neutrality point.…”

Section: Surface Characterization: Raman Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene Bioelectronic Nose for the Detection of Odorants with Human Olfactory Receptor 2AG1

et al. 2021

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A real-time sensor for the detection of amyl butyrate (AB) utilising human olfactory receptor 2AG1 (OR2AG1), a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) consisting of seven transmembrane domains, immobilized onto a graphene resistor is demonstrated. Using CVD graphene as the sensor platform, allows greater potential for more sensitive detection than similar sensors based on carbon nanotubes, gold or graphene oxide platforms. A specific graphene resistor sensor was fabricated and modified via non-covalent π–π stacking of 1,5 diaminonaphthalene (DAN) onto the graphene channel, and subsequent anchoring of the OR2AG1 receptor to the DAN molecule using glutaraldehyde coupling. Binding between the target odorant, amyl butyrate, and the OR2AG1 receptor protein generated a change in resistance of the graphene resistor sensor. The functionalized graphene resistor sensors exhibited a linear sensor response between 0.1–500 pM and high selectively towards amyl butyrate, with a sensitivity as low as 500 fM, whilst control measurements using non-specific esters, produced a negligible sensor response. The approach described here provides an alternative sensing platform that can be used in bioelectronic nose applications.

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“…One emerging area is understanding the surface–liquid interactions in two-dimensional (2D) materials, whose atomic-scale thickness and diverse electronic transport mechanisms open up new fundamental properties, opportunities, and challenges. For example, 2D materials like graphene are both highly sensitive to changes in their environment and highly deformable, making them excellent candidates for materials having reconfigurable surface properties, ultrasensitive disease detection, , and that can be interfaced with cells. , For all of these applications, the surface energy of graphene is a key parameter governing processes such as liquid wettability, protein adsorption, − and cell adhesion and growth, , making it important to characterize. Moreover, the van der Waals surface of graphene is chemically inert, making it difficult to selectively design the surface interactions needed for many of the applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Surface Energy of Hydrogenated and Fluorinated Graphene

Carpenter

Kim

Suarez

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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The surface energy of graphene and its chemical derivatives governs fundamental interfacial interactions like molecular assembly, wetting, and doping. However, quantifying the surface energy of supported two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene, is difficult because (1) they are so thin that electrostatic interactions emanating from the underlying substrate are not completely screened, (2) the contribution from the monolayer is sensitive to its exact chemical state, and (3) the adsorption of airborne contaminants, as well as contaminants introduced during transfer processing, screens the electrostatic interactions from the monolayer and underlying substrate, changing the determined surface energy. Here, we determine the polar and dispersive surface energy of bare, fluorinated, and hydrogenated graphene through contact angle measurements with water and diiodomethane. We accounted for many contributing factors, including substrate surface energies and combating adsorption of airborne contaminants. Hydrogenating graphene raises its polar surface energy with little effect on its dispersive surface energy. Fluorinating graphene lowers its dispersive surface energy with a substrate-dependent effect on its polar surface energy. These results unravel how changing the chemical structure of graphene modifies its surface energy, with applications for hybrid nanomaterials, bioadhesion, biosensing, and thin-film assembly.

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Tuning protein adsorption on graphene surfaces via laser-induced oxidation

Abstract: An approach for controlled protein immobilization on laser-induced two-photon (2P) oxidation patterned graphene oxide (GO) surfaces is described. Selected proteins, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and biotinylated bovine serum albumin (b-BSA) were...

Cited by 16 publications

References 49 publications

Optical Modification of 2D Materials: Methods and Applications

Optical Modification of 2D Materials: Methods and Applications

Graphene Bioelectronic Nose for the Detection of Odorants with Human Olfactory Receptor 2AG1

The Surface Energy of Hydrogenated and Fluorinated Graphene

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