1986
DOI: 10.1117/12.938695
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Tunnel Ionization Of Complex Atoms And Atomic Ions In Electromagnetic Field

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Cited by 1,176 publications
(1,572 citation statements)
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“…[17] Recent experiments show that strongfield ionization does not exclusively prepare the ground state of the cation [4][5][6]28] but that excited states can also be populated. The probability of accessing a certain ionic state is exponentially sensitive to I p [29] but also to the shape of orbitals, [30] which can enhance the contribution of a deeply bound orbital. When ionization accesses two states of the ion and the laser-induced dynamics in the ion is neglected, highharmonic generation has two contributions…”
Section: Probing Electronic Dynamicsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[17] Recent experiments show that strongfield ionization does not exclusively prepare the ground state of the cation [4][5][6]28] but that excited states can also be populated. The probability of accessing a certain ionic state is exponentially sensitive to I p [29] but also to the shape of orbitals, [30] which can enhance the contribution of a deeply bound orbital. When ionization accesses two states of the ion and the laser-induced dynamics in the ion is neglected, highharmonic generation has two contributions…”
Section: Probing Electronic Dynamicsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Next, aside from the present DFR mechanism pertinent to a multiphoton process, it should be noted that there exists another mechanism for tunneling ionization (TI) [56] that possibly makes the DL unstable in the low-ω (low-F 0 ) region. TI is believed to be dominant in the region where γ < 1, where the Keldysh parameter γ is defined as…”
Section: E Criteria For Applicability Of Dfrmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…where E ω denotes the analytic signal of the electric field EðtÞ in the frequency domain, the free electron currentĴ is governed by the Drude model and a rate equation for the instantaneous electron density according to the widely used tunnel ionization model of Ammosov, Delone, and Krainov [43] for crystals, g is the fractional contribution of the Raman delayed nonlinearity, ∘ denotes the convolution integral, h R ðtÞ is the Raman kernel, and βðωÞ ¼ ωn 0 ðωÞ=c is the propagation constant related to the refractive index n 0 ðωÞ of bulk fused silica [44]. For the numerical solution of Eq.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%