Turkey's Influence as a Third Country on the European Union: From Association to a Key Partner

This introductory article conceptualizes the notion of third country influence on European Union (EU) law and policy and proposes an analytical framework theorizing the venues and means through which third countries may gain such impact, under what conditions and with which implications for the EU's legal and political order. The article first introduces the focus on outside‐in influence in the context of European studies, generally, and EU privileged third country relations, specifically. Thereafter, an analytical framework is developed for mapping and explaining the outside‐in dynamics on EU law and policy‐making differentiating between diplomatic, governance and discursive venues; coercive versus technocratic and normative mechanisms of influence; and the legal constraints and political implications of these processes. Turning to the potential determinants of these occurrences, the article then proposes a set of hypotheses for conditions under which third countries can influence EU law and policies, before summarizing the individual contributions to this Special Issue.

Section: Third Country Influence Across Levels and Mechanisms: Insigh...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Third Country Influence on EU Law and Policy‐making: Setting the Scene

Lavenex¹,

Öberg

2023

“…1), the CJEU specifically noted that the Opinion does not consider other provisions of the agreement, ‘in particular those dealing with the decision‐making process […]’. CJEU guidance is, thus, lacking in terms of the compatibility with the Treaty framework of concrete proposals for third country participation in the Union's formal decision‐making procedures such as, for example, the EEA EFTA states' participation in the decision‐shaping processes including their enhanced participation in the Schengen Mixed Committee (Gstöhl and Frommelt 2023), as well as the more indirect means of participation via binding decisions of international organisations or treaty bodies such as the EU‐Turkey Association Council (Müftüler‐Bac 2023) [Correction added on 16 October 2023, after first online publication: Minor corrections in the preceding sentence have been amended in this version. ].…”

Section: Decision‐making Autonomy Versus Autonomy Of the Eu Legal Ord...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Friend Zone Forever? The Essence of and Justifications for the EU's Decision‐Making Autonomy

Öberg

2023

The expansion of the European Union's (EU) regulatory sphere creates conflicts of sovereignty between the EU and its member states, and third countries that lack a possibility to participate in the making of those laws and policies. The conflict is epitomised in the concept of the Union's decision‐making autonomy. Albeit stringently applied, the concept is ambiguous and undefined. This article endeavours to unfold its meaning, use and significance and examine whether its rigid nature is justified in light of the Union's aims to expand its regulatory sphere. The article argues that the ultimate rationale of decision‐making autonomy is to ensure the effectiveness of the EU legal order and to compensate for the member states' loss of sovereignty, investment and risk‐taking. Insofar as non‐member states do not demonstrate similar commitment to the EU, exclusion from decision‐making is justified to retain the privilege and attractiveness of membership.

“…That a higher percentage of articles exploring the foreign/security policy dimension of EU–Turkey relations are written by female than by male scholars represents a finding that runs counter to previous work (e.g., Hoagland et al, 2020; Maliniak et al, 2008, 2013; Mathews and Andersen, 2001). The popularity of foreign and security policy amongst both male and female authors can be related to its prevalence for the EU–Turkey agenda, which often displays asymmetrical interdependencies in favour of Turkey (Müftüler‐Baç, 2022). At the same time, our data demonstrate that in other issue areas, a gendered division of labour follows a pattern akin to the findings of previous work.…”

Section: Tracing Women's Epistemic Agency and Recognition: Mapping Of...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As such, we can confidently label ‘EU–Turkey studies’ as a boutique field within European/EU studies. Turkey has been an attractive case to scrutinize the effectiveness of the EU's mechanisms of transformation in third countries (e.g., Schimmelfennig, 2008), unpack the changes in the manifold dimensions of Turkish domestic polity, policies and politics (e.g., Aydın‐Düzgit and Kaliber, 2016; Süleymanoğlu‐Kürüm, 2019) and discuss alternative models of external differentiation outside or in addition to Turkey's accession process (e.g., Müftüler‐Baç, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Capturing Women's Standpoint in EU–Turkey Studies: The Evolution of Gendered Publication and Citation Patterns

Süleymanoğlu‐Kürüm,

Turhan

2023

Starting from the ‘gender problem’ in European studies, we scrutinize the gendered knowledge production patterns in a least likely case to be gendered, EU–Turkey studies, due to the overrepresentation of women in the field and its feminine image. We utilize feminist standpoint theory and apply research synthesis and citation analysis techniques to two original datasets comprising 300 articles in 26 Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) journals, published from 1996 to 2020 and involving 8494 citations. Our findings reveal that male‐dominated knowledge marks even EU–Turkey studies with men outnumbering women in authorships and an extremely limited number of articles focusing on gender, whilst ampler disparities transpire in first authorships and citations. Whilst women have progressively disrupted male‐dominated knowledge by surpassing male authorship numbers since 2014, engaging in greater theoretical sophistication and having a greater inclination to cite women, limited incorporation of women's standpoint hinders the field's potential to address gender inequalities and promote gender‐sensitive policies and development.