Turning Frustration into Bond Activation: A Theoretical Mechanistic Study on Heterolytic Hydrogen Splitting by Frustrated Lewis Pairs

Rokob, Tibor András; Hamza, Andrea; Stirling, András; Soós, Tibor; Pápai, Imre

doi:10.1002/anie.200705586

Cited by 381 publications

(388 citation statements)

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“…There have been many calculations on FLPs and the mode of their reaction with H 2 (43)(44)(45)(46). For instance, Zeonjuk et al (47) investigated six combinations of Lewis acids (boranes) and Lewis bases (phosphines) that showed different reactivity in H 2 activation.…”

Section: Sidewaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stabilizing a different cyclooctatetraene stereoisomer

Lei

Xie

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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An unconventional cis-cis-cis-trans or (Z,Z,Z,E) structure B of cyclooctatetraene (COT) is calculated to lie only 23 kcal/mol above the well-known tub-shaped (Z,Z,Z,Z) isomer A; one example of this type of structure is known. The barrier for B returning to A is small, 3 kcal/mol. However, by suitable choice of substituents, the (Z,Z,Z,E) isomer can be made to lie in energy below the tub-shaped structure. Steric, clamping, and electronic strategies are proposed for achieving this. In the steric strategy, the C 8 H 4 (CH 3 ) 2 (C( t Bu) 3 ) 2 structure B is predicted to lie 21 kcal/mol below structure A, which is separated from form B only by a small barrier. A simple clamping strategy, effective for COT planarization, does not influence the A/B isomerization much. But, if the clamping group is aromatic (a fused benzene, pyrrole, thiophene, furan), the subtle interplay of potential aromaticity with clamping can be used to confer persistence if not stability on the (Z,Z,Z,E) isomer. An electronic strategy of a different kind, push-pull substitution on the COT ring, was not very effective in stabilizing the B form. However, it led us to vicinal amine-borane-substituted normal COTs that proved to be quite good at activating H 2 in a frustrated Lewis pair scenario. The molecule is most certainly not aromatic, in accord with Hückel's rule (2). It features four cis-or Z double bonds in a characteristic nonplanar D 2d tub shape (3). From a combined femtosecond rotational coherence spectroscopy and theoretical study we have the molecule's precise gas-phase structure, with bond lengths r e (C-C) = 1.470, r e (C=C) = 1.337, and r e (C-H) = 1.079 Å (4). Potential ring inversion and bond-bond switching in COT have fascinated the organic community for decades (5-7). The planar D 4h structure of COT is a transition state (TS) for the ring inversion (calculated barrier height of 10-14 kcal/mol) (8-12). The D 8h bondswitching TS lies a few kilocalories per mole higher. The accepted automerization surface is summarized schematically in Fig. 1.Motivated by the recent determination of the structures of some asymmetrically substituted COTs (13), we began a systematic study of COTs. Some peculiar geometries, far away from the tub shape, emerged; in time we identified them as cis-cis-cistrans (Z,Z,Z,E) isomers of COT. Stabilizing these structures is the aim of this article.(Z,Z,Z,E)-COT structures already appear in the theoretical and experimental literature. Conesa and Rzepa in 1998 predicted this isomer to lie 21-29 kcal/mol above the conventional all-Z structure, with a small barrier to return to all-Z COT (14). In their studies of Möbius aromaticity, Havenith et al. (15) optimized a C 8 H 8 (Z,Z,Z,E) structure, finding it again 21-29 kcal/mol above (Z,Z,Z,Z). And, in a comprehensive paper on the photochemistry and thermal rearrangements of COT, Garavelli et al. (16) found the (Z,Z,Z,E) isomer as a reaction intermediate, 24 to 25 kcal/mol above normal COT. The primary interest in their wideranging paper was in the photochemistry o...

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Section: Sidewaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stabilizing a different cyclooctatetraene stereoisomer

Lei

Xie

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…These unquenched sites can have unique reactivity. For example, mixtures of bulky phosphines and boranes react directly with dihydrogen [13,14] and olefins (Scheme 1 b). [15,16] Furthermore, the compound (2,4,6-Me 3 C 6 H 2 ) 2 P(C 6 F 4 )B(C 6 F 5 ) 2 is the first example of a main group system that can reversibly react with dihydrogen (Scheme 1 c).…”

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confidence: 99%

Hydrogen and Amine Activation by a Frustrated Lewis Pair of a Bulky N‐Heterocyclic Carbene and B(C₆F₅)₃

2008

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“…[ [19] Analog könnten daher Amine und B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 gemeinsam H 2 in einer konzertierten Reaktion spalten (Schema 3). [20] Weitere experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen sollen diesen Mechanismus aufklären.…”

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