“…14 The increased surface area enhances the density of active sites, facilitating mass transfer, while the electrical conductivity promotes the direct 4e À pathway of the ORR. 10 The majority of activated carbon is derived from the carbonization process of biomass precursors, such as peanut shells, 15 chlorella, 16 sunflower shells, 17 soybeans, 11 beancurd, 18 walnut shells, 14 shrimp shells, 19 wheat straw, 20 corn stalks, 21 etc., which serve as raw materials for the preparation of biomass porous carbon. The biomass materials are typically subjected to chemical activation using agents such as H 3 PO 4 , NaOH, ZnCl 2 , K 2 CO 3 , KHCO 3 , and KOH in order to prepare carbon materials.…”