Twelve New Ant-Dispersed Species from the Southern Appalachians

Gaddy, L. L.

doi:10.2307/2996363

Cited by 27 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The function of these papillose structures and tubercles is still not clear. Gaddy (1986) reported that nutlets of S. triglomerata are collected by ants, and a possible explanation could be that the papillose structures function as an elaiosome. Further research is needed to clarify the nature and purpose of these tuberculate structures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetics, ancestral state reconstruction, and a new infrageneric classification of Scleria (Cyperaceae) based on three DNA markers

Bauters

Asselman

Simpson

et al. 2016

TAXON

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The genus Scleria (Cyperaceae), with ca. 250 species, is placed in the monotypic tribe Sclerieae. It has a primarily pantropical distribution. Previously, infrageneric classifications have been proposed but none has been based on molecular phylogenetic evidence and most studies have treated the genus from only one geographical region. In this study, DNA portions from 101 species of Scleria from across its distributional range and all infrageneric groups were extracted and amplified for three molecular markers: the coding chloroplast marker ndhF, the chloroplast intron rps16 and the nuclear ribosomal region ITS. Phylogenetic hypotheses were constructed using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood approaches. Additionally, ancestral states of four morphological characters were reconstructed at important nodes using the program BayesTraits. A new infrageneric classification based on molecular evidence and supported by morphology is presented. Scleria is confirmed as monophyletic and sister to tribe Bisboeckelereae. A subdivision of Scleria into four subgenera (S. subg. Browniae, S. subg. Hypoporum, S. subg. Scleria, S. subg. Trachylomia) is supported by our results. In this paper, twelve major clades are recovered within Scleria subg. Scleria. Clear morphological diagnostic features match these clades. Ancestral state reconstruction indicates that androgynous spikelets, a zoniform hypogynium, a paniculate inflorescence with staminate and subandrogynous spikelets, and normal linear leaves are ancestral in Scleria. Androgynous spikelets are found in the three first‐branching subgenera, while in S. subg. Scleria an evolutionary shift towards subandrogynous and strictly unisexual spikelets is noted. Hypogynia are generally well developed with the exception of S. subg. Hypoporum, where the hypogynium is reduced or even lost. Inflorescences in Scleria vary from short, densely paniculate and pyramidal to subcapitate, only in S. subg. Hypoporum a glomerate‐spicate inflorescence is found. The pseudopremorse leaf habit arose only once within S. subg. Scleria. Scleria sect. Scleria shows a reversal to normal leaf tips.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetics, ancestral state reconstruction, and a new infrageneric classification of Scleria (Cyperaceae) based on three DNA markers

Bauters

Asselman

Simpson

et al. 2016

TAXON

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“…Our data support the observation that lineages within the Heterotropa clade have produced more species relative to the Euasarum clade, while they occupy much smaller geographic areas, and are rarely mat-forming (Blomquist, 1957;Gaddy, 1987a;Shumei et al, 2003;Sugawara, 2006). Asarum seeds are ant dispersed (Gaddy, 1986;Lengyel et al, 2010;Turner and Frederickson, 2013), and we hypothesize that rare morphs in the Heterotropa clade may be more likely to persist as they can be more easily removed from direct spatial-, nutrient-, and pollinator-resource competition imposed by nearby common floral morph relatives than the more common clonal species of clades Euasarum or Geotaenium. The strong dissimilarities in floral morphology and diversification rate between the Euasarum, Geotaenium, and Heterotropa clades may be indicative of one or more pollinator shifts; for example, the interior sculpturing of the calyces of flowers of the Heterotropa clade, which represents putative floral mimicry of basidiomycete sporocarp gills, is absent from the flowers of the Euasarum and Geotaenium clades.…”

Section: Vegetative Morphology and Dispersalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Putative floral brood-site mimicry, loss of autonomous selfing, and reduced vegetative growth are significantly correlated with increased diversification in Asarum (Aristolochiaceae)

Sinn

Kelly

Freudenstein

2015

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

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“…Sanguinaria canadensis L. (Papaveraceae) is a perennial herb common in deciduous forests throughout eastern North America, a region that includes a rich myrmecochorous flora (~30% of herbaceous species; Beattie and Culver 1981;Gaddy 1986). Plants flower in the spring and seeds dehisce from fruits approximately 30-40 days later (Schemske 1978).…”

Section: Study Organismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forest edges and fire ants alter the seed shadow of an ant-dispersed plant

Ness

2004

Oecologia

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Exotic species invade fragmented, edge-rich habitats readily, yet the distinct impacts of habitat edges and invaders on native biota are rarely distinguished. Both appear detrimental to ant-dispersed plants such as bloodroot, Sanguinaria canadensis. Working in northeastern Georgia (USA), an area characterized by a rich ant-dispersed flora, fragmented forests, and invasions by the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, I monitored the interactions between ants and S. canadensis seeds in uninvaded forest interiors, uninvaded forest edges, invaded forest interiors, and invaded forest edges. I observed 95% of the seed dispersal events that occurred within the 60-min observation intervals. Seed collection rates were similar among all four (habitat x invasion) groups. The presence of invasive ants had a strong effect on seed dispersal distance: S. invicta collected most seeds in invaded sites, but was a poorer disperser than four of five native ant taxa. Habitat type (interior versus edge) had no effect on seed dispersal distance, but it had a strong effect on seed dispersal direction. Dispersal towards the edge was disproportionately rare in uninvaded forest edges, and ants in those habitats moved the average dispersed seed approximately 70 cm away from that edge. Dispersal direction was also skewed away from the edge in uninvaded forest interiors and invaded forest edges, albeit non-significantly. This biased dispersal may help explain the rarity of myrmecochorous plants in younger forests and edges, and their poor ability to disperse between fragments. This is the first demonstration that forest edges and S. invicta invasion influence seed dispersal destination and distance, respectively. These forces act independently.

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Twelve New Ant-Dispersed Species from the Southern Appalachians

Cited by 27 publications

References 9 publications

Phylogenetics, ancestral state reconstruction, and a new infrageneric classification of Scleria (Cyperaceae) based on three DNA markers

Phylogenetics, ancestral state reconstruction, and a new infrageneric classification of Scleria (Cyperaceae) based on three DNA markers

Putative floral brood-site mimicry, loss of autonomous selfing, and reduced vegetative growth are significantly correlated with increased diversification in Asarum (Aristolochiaceae)

Forest edges and fire ants alter the seed shadow of an ant-dispersed plant

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