Two-dimensional conjugated microporous polymer films: fabrication strategies and potential applications

Abstract

This review describes the latest advances in the preparation and application of two-dimensional conjugated microporous polymers, as well as the future research directions of this field.

Ultrastable Three-Dimensional Triptycene- and Tetraphenylethene-Conjugated Microporous Polymers for Energy Storage

“…Increasing energy consumption and climate damage from the use of conventional fossil fuels are spurring the development of alternative energy sources and efficient energy storage devices. In particular, supercapacitors have become attractive devices because of their rapid charge/discharge switching, high power density, and long cycle life. − The storage of electrical charge in supercapacitors arises from their functioning as electrochemical pseudocapacitors or electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). − Charge storage in pseudocapacitors, also known as redox supercapacitors, operates through reversible redox reactions occurring between the electrolyte and electrode materials. − In EDLCs, charge storage is more of a physical process, involving adsorption/desorption of charged ions at the interface between the electrolyte and the electrode; accordingly, EDLCs require a high surface area, a narrow and consistent pore size distribution, and a large pore volume if they are to provide high capacitance. , Porous organic polymers (POPs) are interesting materials because of their potential for application in various fieldsespecially for energy storage and gas capture. − According to IUPAC classification, porous materials can be divided into macroporous (pore diameter: >50 nm), mesoporous (2–50 nm), or microporous (<2 nm). POPs can also be defined in terms of their synthetic materials and their methods of constructed routes, for example, as covalent organic frameworks (COFs), covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs), hyper-crosslinked polymers (HCPs), and conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs). − CMPs are particularly interesting because they are amorphous materials possessing linked π-conjugated building blocks, where the sizes of the linkers can range from small phenyl units to bicyclic and macrocyclic moieties.…”

Porous organic polymers for high-performance supercapacitors

“…Nowadays, POPs with porous structures have gained great interest because of their large surface areas, superior stability, and fascinating functionalities, which have been extensively applied in catalysis, gas separation and storage, and optoelectronics. [14][15][16] From the perspective of their applications, POPs have drawn extensive attention as electrode materials in SCs because of their high specific surface areas, adjustable pore sizes, and tunable functionalities. 17 POPs generally involve amorphous hypercrosslinked polymers (HCPs), 18,19 polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs), 20,21 conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs), [22][23][24][25] porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs), 26,27 and crystalline covalent organic frameworks (COFs).…”

Porous organic polymers in solar cells

“…23,26,[49][50][51] The intriguing porosities, tunable backbone, and topological advantages of POPs have attracted wide research interest in exploiting their versatility, 23,26,[51][52][53] which instigated the connection between POPs and photovoltaics. The reported ultra-long charge carrier lifetime and efficient charge transport 23,26,33,50 demonstrated their great potential for promising photovoltaic devices. Photovoltaics (PV) has demonstrated its outstanding energy conversion ability to serve as a green energy resource to help human beings achieve zero-carbon emission.…”