Two-dimensional titanium carbide (Ti₃C₂) MXene towards enhancing thermal catalysis decomposition of dihydroxylammonium 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate (TKX-50)

Abstract

<jats:p> In this study, we demonstrated that 2D MXene materials (Ti3C2) were creatively introduced into the thermal catalysis fields of high-energy-density salts dihydroxylammonium 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate (TKX-50) and Ti3C2 MXene play a significant catalytic role in the thermal decomposition of TKX-50. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscope were used to characterize the morphology and structure of the Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to evaluate the thermal decomposition properites of pure TKX-50 with and without 2D Ti3C2 added. The results showed that with adding 5 wt% MXene, the peak temperature of TKX-50 was reduced from 250.5 to 233.3 °C, which was reduced by 17.2 °C. The reaction heat release was raised from 2197 to 2907 J•g-1, raised by 710 J•g-1, And the Ea was decreased by 44.8 kJ• mol-1, from 220.0 to 175.2 kJ•mol-1. What’s more, a synergistic catalytic mechanism for the thermal decomposition of TKX-50 was proposed. </jats:p>

An Overview on Synthesis, Explosion, Catalysis, Modification, and Application of Dihydroxylammonium 5,5′-Bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate (TKX-50)

“…The thermal catalytic effect of GO on TKX-50 is not obvious, prompting scholars to explore a wider range of carbon materials and focus on innovative multilayered carbon materials such as Ti 3 C 2 . Zhao et al 121 The above research shows that the new MXene material has a better thermal catalytic effect on TKX-50. However, carbonbased materials are usually combined with metal oxides in the form of support to form composite catalysts, so the loading capacity of carbon-based materials has become a very important research area.…”

Synthesis, characterization, and catalytic behaviour of nano‐bimetallic nickel oxide on the thermal decomposition of dihydroxylammonium‐5,5′‐bistetrazole‐1,1′‐diolate

“…The use of catalysts to improve the thermal performance of energetic materials is an important and versatile method; in it, a suitable catalyst is introduced to significantly reduce the thermal decomposition temperature and the activation energy of solid propellants, and to shorten the ignition delay time, thus improving their combustion rate. 9,10 The transition metal oxides investigation of combustion catalysts is crucial for the catalysis of TKX-50 thermal decomposition; the introduction of metal elements in combustion catalyst can improve the catalytic performance of the catalyst. The preliminary study, Fe exhibited excellent catalytic activity for thermal decomposition of energetic ionic salts, including TKX-50.…”

“…[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] In recent years, however, bimetallic oxide has shown good catalytic activity. 10,[22][23][24] In the field of energetic material catalysis, the catalytic behaviour of bimetallic oxides as catalysts has attracted a large amount of attention.…”

“…Fe, Ni, and Co have been widely used in various materials because of their rich content, cheap and easy access, and environmental friendliness. Therefore, two kinds of nickel metal oxides 10,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31] were prepared by hydrothermal method and used in the study of thermal decomposition of TKX-50 in this work. The phase composition and morphology were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and N 2 adsorption-desorption test (BET).…”

Research Progress on MXenes: Preparation, Property and Application in Tumor Theranostics

“…MXenes; preparation method; tumor theranostics; combined therapy; review 二维(2D)纳米材料的尺寸从几纳米到几百纳 米不等，一般为单原子层或多原子层结构，2D 纳米 材料可以是元素的同素异形体或化合物，其层内的 原子可通过共价键牢固地结合，层间的原子则通过 范德华力连接 [1][2] 。常见的 2D 纳米材料有石墨烯 (Graphene) [3] 、过渡金属二硫化物(TMDs) [4] 、 共价有机框架(COFs) [5] 、六方氮化硼(h-BN) [6] 、 金属有机框架 (MOFs) [7] 、 层状双氢氧化物 (LDHs) [8] 、2D 元素纳米片 [9] 等。二维过渡金属碳化物、氮 化物或碳氮化物(MXenes)是一种新型的 2D 纳米 材料 [10] 。Gogotsi 课题组 [11] 在 2011 年报道了世界上 第一种 MXenes 材料 Ti3C2，他们使用氢氟酸(HF) 刻蚀 Ti3AlC2 成功制备出 Ti3C2。制备 MXenes 主要 是将层状金属陶瓷(MAX)材料中的 A 层选择性刻 蚀掉。MAX 的分子式为 Mn+1AXn，其中 M 是过渡 金属元素(如 Ti，Sr，V，Cr，Ta，Nb，Zr，Mo 等)， A 通常是第 13 或 14 族的元素(如 Al，Ga，In，Si， Ge 和 Ga)，X 表示碳或(和)氮元素，n 从 1 到 3 变化， 因此 MXenes 的结构为 M2X、 M3X2 和 M4X3 [12][13] 。到目前为止，已经在实验室中成功制备了近 30 种 MXenes(图 1)，然而计算模拟预测却应有 100 多种 MXenes [14] 。 MXenes 具有优异的表面化学性能、 电子传递性能、机械和热力学性能，在电化学储能 [15][16] 、海水淡化 [17][18][19] 、电磁屏蔽 [20][21] 、催化 [22] 、传 图 1 MXenes 组成示意图 [14] 。第一行为单金属分子结构 MXenes；第二行为固溶体-双金属分子结构 MXenes，在金属层中 含有两种金属分子，分子式用绿色标记；第三行为有序-双金属分子结构 MXenes，其中一种填充外部的金属层，另一种则 占据中心金属层，分子式用红色标记；第四行为有序的空位 MXenes 结构，分子式用粉色标记。示意图未显示表面终端。 Fig. 1 MXenes schematic composition [14] .…”