Two-dimensional titanium carbide (Ti₃C₂T_x) MXenes to inhibit the shuttle effect in sodium sulfur batteries

Abstract

Room-temperature sodium sulfur batteries (RT-NSBs) are among the promising candidates for large-scale energy storage applications because of the natural abundance of the electrode materials and impressive energy density. However, one...

Investigation of the anchoring and electrocatalytic properties of pristine and doped borophosphene for Na–S batteries

“…[9][10][11] This kind of internal cyclical migration phenomenon during the discharging process would result in the irreversible loss of active materials and thus reduce the coulombic efficiency of Na-S batteries. 6,7,12,13 Besides, the lower-order NaPSs (Na 2 S 2 and Na 2 S) generated by reduction would progressively deposit on the electrode surface to form a passivation layer, which could gradually erode the active sites and consume the active substances, ultimately causing increased cell impedance and degeneration of the electrode structure. 14,15 Fortunately, various strategies have been put forward to address the shuttle effect.…”

Surface Film Formation from Sodium Polysulfide Decomposition on Sodium-Metal Anode Surface

“…Other strategies include Nafion-based separator materials which can mitigate the NaPS migration from the cathode side to he anode side . Moreover, some novel promising host cathode materials suggested by DFT-PBE calculations, such as transition-metal- and nitrogen-codoped graphene and two-dimensional titanium carbide (Ti 3 C 2 T x ) MXenes may be useful to inhibit the shuttle effect in RT-Na/S batteries …”

“…64 Moreover, some novel promising host cathode materials suggested by DFT-PBE calculations, such as transition-metaland nitrogen-codoped graphene 65 and two-dimensional titanium carbide (Ti 3 C 2 T x ) MXenes may be useful to inhibit the shuttle effect in RT-Na/S batteries. 66…”

Solid electrolyte membrane-containing rechargeable high-temperature molten salt electrolyte-based batteries

“…117 The shuttle effect is a major barrier to the RT-NAS battery, leading to a series of battery performance degradation such as low coulombic efficiency, high self-discharge rate and capacity degradation. [141][142][143] In RT-NAS batteries, the sodium polysulde intermediate products can migrate across the battery separator and react with sodium in the negative electrode area, resulting in the formation of Na 2 S 2 or Na 2 S layers that deposit on the surface of the negative electrode. Such an insulating layer would induce the irreversible loss of both positive and negative active substances, severely impede charge transfer and increase the internal resistance of the battery.…”