Two-dimensional transmitarray beamsteering using stacked tunable metamaterials

Reis, João R.; Al-Daher, Zaid; Copner, Nigel; Hammoudeh, Akram; Caldeirinha, Rafael F. S.; Fernandes, Telmo R.

doi:10.1109/lapc.2014.6996433

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Transmitarrays are generally composed of several resonant unit cells with a spatial periodicity that forms a planar arrangement. The principle of beam forming/beam steering transmitarrays is reported in [57][58][59][60][61][62]. There are incident EM waves generated from a feed source that passes through a transmitarray made up of Nth (n = 0, 1, …) elements of periodicity of "a" and produces phase change φn shown in Equation (1).…”

Section: Beam Steering/beam Forming Principle Of Transmitarraymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The transmission characteristics of the metasurface can be controlled by the radius (a) of the metal circular patch and the transmittance and transmission phase of the circular microstrip patch array transmitarray at 5.8 GHz. In this case, the size (W) of the square unit The principle of beam forming/beam steering transmitarrays is reported in [57][58][59][60][61][62]. There are incident EM waves generated from a feed source that passes through a transmitarray made up of nth (n = 0, 1, .…”

Section: Beam Steering/beam Forming Principle Of Transmitarraymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Transmitarrays (TAs) are primarily composed of several discrete unitary elements, and special feed sources (horn antenna, microstrip patch antennas, or other UWB antennas) are used to illuminate EM waves. They also used multilayer frequency selective surfaces, meta-materials, and metasurfaces [27][28][29]. There are various dynamic technologies exploited to enable the reconfigurable characteristics of TAs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Developments and Challenges on Beam Steering Characteristics of Reconfigurable Transmitarray Antennas

et al. 2022

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This paper highlights recent developments and challenges on beam steering characteristics of reconfigurable transmitarray antennas. It introduces the operating principle of beam forming/beam steering high gain transmitarray antennas to enable the user to opt for economical and high performance solutions. A transmitarray antenna typically consists of a source antenna and a phase transformation structure. The incident waves generated from the source antenna is tilted using the phase transformation structure in a desired direction to steer the beam. Moreover, the phase transformation structure alters the incident wavefront to a plane wavefront using phase change characteristics. In order to steer a beam to a specific desired angle, it can be divided into two methods. There is a method of applying a transmitarray with a variable transmission phase change or a method of changing the shape of the wavefront of the source antenna. This type of beam forming/beam steering high gain antenna has been mainly studied from the point of view of high efficiency, low profile, and low cost. Several solutions of transmitarray unit cells have been presented in the literature, using PIN diodes, varactors, MEMS switches, and microfluids enable electronics to realize reconfigurable characteristics of transmitarray antennas. This paper analyzes the characteristics of various beam steering high gain reconfigurable transmitarrays (RTA) and highlights the future opportunities and challenges of the structure design for transmitarray antennas. This paper also highlights the challenges and gaps in terahertz and optical frequencies related to future work due to the structure complexity and lack of components’ availability. Moreover, the challenges and limitations related to multi-bit structures and dual-band requirements are presented.

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Section: Beam Steering/beam Forming Principle Of Transmitarraymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Beam Steering/beam Forming Principle Of Transmitarraymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Developments and Challenges on Beam Steering Characteristics of Reconfigurable Transmitarray Antennas

et al. 2022

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“…The dynamic control of transmission characteristics was achieved using SRRs, in which the capacitance or conductance components at gaps are varied in different ways, e.g., by using optically [34] or electrically [35] controlled carriers, micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) [36,37], liquid crystals [38][39][40], graphene [41,42], vanadium dioxide [43][44][45], or semiconductor-based devices [46][47][48]. One of the attractive behaviors of SRRs is achieved when the lowest-order eigenmode (a normal mode in an oscillating system) is used, allowing for the size of unit cells to be smaller than the wavelength of the incident The dynamic control of transmission characteristics was achieved using SRRs, in which the capacitance or conductance components at gaps are varied in different ways, e.g., by using optically [34] or electrically [35] controlled carriers, micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) [36,37], liquid crystals [38][39][40], graphene [41,42], vanadium dioxide [43][44][45], or semiconductor-based devices [46][47][48]. One of the attractive behaviors of SRRs is achieved when the lowest-order eigenmode (a normal mode in an oscillating system) is used, allowing for the size of unit cells to be smaller than the wavelength of the incident wave.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nor have methods of restoring the asymmetry to the circulating-current path after a semiconductor-based device has been incorporated in the SRRs. Moreover, reported active SRRs that achieved a beamsteering operation by using semiconductor-based devices [47,48] have not used the eigenmode in which the current circulates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Asymmetry in Active Split-Ring Resonators to Design Circulating-Current Eigenmode: Demonstration of Beamsteering and Focal-Length Control toward Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface

Kitayama

Pander

Takahashi

2022

Sensors

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In this work, toward an intelligent radio environment for 5G/6G, design methodologies of active split-ring resonators (SRRs) for more efficient dynamic control of metasurfaces are investigated. The relationship between the excitation of circulating-current eigenmode and the asymmetric structure of SRRs is numerically analyzed, and it is clarified that the excitation of the circulating-current mode is difficult when the level of asymmetry of the current path is decreased by the addition of large capacitance such as from semiconductor-based devices. To avoid change in the asymmetry, we incorporated an additional gap (slit) in the SRRs, which enabled us to excite the circulating-current mode even when a large capacitance was implemented. Prototype devices were fabricated according to this design methodology, and by the control of the intensity/phase distribution, the variable focal-length and beamsteering capabilities of the transmitted waves were demonstrated, indicating the high effectiveness of the design. The presented design methodology can be applied not only to the demonstrated case of discrete varactors, but also to various other active metamaterials, such as semiconductor-integrated types for operating in the millimeter and submillimeter frequency bands as potential candidates for future 6G systems.

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A high gain and compact transmitarray antenna for Ku-band satellite communications

et al. 2021

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Two-dimensional transmitarray beamsteering using stacked tunable metamaterials

Cited by 3 publications

References 7 publications

Recent Developments and Challenges on Beam Steering Characteristics of Reconfigurable Transmitarray Antennas

Recent Developments and Challenges on Beam Steering Characteristics of Reconfigurable Transmitarray Antennas

Analysis of Asymmetry in Active Split-Ring Resonators to Design Circulating-Current Eigenmode: Demonstration of Beamsteering and Focal-Length Control toward Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface

A high gain and compact transmitarray antenna for Ku-band satellite communications

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