Two Hybridization Events Define the Population Structure of <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>

Westenberger, Scott J.; Barnabé, Christian; Campbell, David A.; Sturm, Nancy R.

doi:10.1534/genetics.104.038745

Cited by 227 publications

(303 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…This result agrees with the hypothesis that DTU IIb and IIc may be the hybrid IId/IIe parentals (Machado and Ayala, 2001 ;Gaunt et al 2003 ;Brisse et al 2003 ;Elias et al 2005 ;Westenberger et al 2005). Recently, using 5S rRNA analysis it was confirmed that the hybrids IId/IIe are heterozygous and have sequences from DTU IIb and IIc (Westenberger et al 2006).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Evolutionary history ofTrypanosoma cruziaccording to antigen genes

et al. 2008

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Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease is associated with a very high clinical and epidemiological pleomorphism. This might be better understood through studies on the evolutionary history of the parasite. We explored here the value of antigen genes for the understanding of the evolution within T. cruzi. We selected 11 genes and 12 loci associated with different functions and considered to be involved in host-parasite interaction (cell adhesion, infection, molecular mimicry). The polymorphism of the respective genes in a sample representative of the diversity of T. cruzi was screened by PCR-RFLP and evolutionary relationships were inferred by phenetic analysis. Our results support the classification of T. cruzi in 2 major lineages and 6 discrete typing units (DTUs). The topology of the PCR-RFLP tree was the one that better fitted with the epidemiological features of the different DTUs: (i) lineage I, being encountered in sylvatic as well as domestic transmission cycles, (ii) IIa/c being associated with a sylvatic transmission cycle and (iii) IIb/d/e being associated with a domestic transmission cycle. Our study also supported the hypothesis that the evolutionary history of T. cruzi has been shaped by a series of hybridization events in the framework of a predominant clonal evolution pattern.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Evolutionary history ofTrypanosoma cruziaccording to antigen genes

et al. 2008

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“…To obtain the greatest effectiveness, the new recommendations for the naming of T. cruzi will require a simple and reproducible schema for typing isolates into their respective DTUs. Lewis et al (2009) described such a schema using currently available markers in the form of a triple assay that employed rDNA PCR (Souto et al 1996) and PCR-RFLP of the HSP60 and GPI loci (Westenberger et al 2005). The expert committee is exploring the possibility of a multicentric study to standardise and validate different protocols for genotyping reference and laboratory strains, as well as field isolates.…”

Section: Recommendations Of the Second Satellite Meeting -(I)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This was first documented by the existence of hybrid organisms in sylvatic T. cruzi populations and sympatric clinical strains and, later, experimentally (Gaunt et al 2003 and cited references). The prevailing view is that DTU I and DTU IIb are ancient lineages and that DTU IId and DTU IIe strains are the products of a minimum of two hybridisation events (Westenberger et al 2005, Freitas et al 2006, Tomazi et al 2009). The evolution of DTU IIa and DTU IIc strains is insufficiently understood for the moment, although these DTUs may also have a hybrid origin (Sturm et al 2003, Westenberger et al 2005.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The prevailing view is that DTU I and DTU IIb are ancient lineages and that DTU IId and DTU IIe strains are the products of a minimum of two hybridisation events (Westenberger et al 2005, Freitas et al 2006, Tomazi et al 2009). The evolution of DTU IIa and DTU IIc strains is insufficiently understood for the moment, although these DTUs may also have a hybrid origin (Sturm et al 2003, Westenberger et al 2005. Based on microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA analyses, DTU IIc may represent a third ancestral lineage, which was named T. cruzi III (Freitas et al 2006).…”

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confidence: 99%

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A new consensus for Trypanosoma cruzi intraspecific nomenclature: second revision meeting recommends TcI to TcVI

Zingales

Briones

et al. 2009

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

903

714

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In an effort to unify the nomenclature of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, an updated system was agreed upon at the Second Satellite Meeting. A consensus was reached that T. cruzi strains should be referred to by six discrete typing units (T. cruzi I-VI). The goal of a unified nomenclature is to improve communication within the scientific community involved in T. cruzi research. The justification and implications will be presented in a subsequent detailed report.

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“…No, at least not until we have the wealth of new data that will soon emerge from comparative genomics, more widespread availability of simple methods to distinguish them, and clarification of which species definition should apply. Additionally, it is clear from numerous sequencing studies (Machado and Ayala, 2001 ;Brisse et al 2003 ;Westenberger et al 2005 ;Broutin et al 2006) that TcII does not represent a monophyletic group (TcIIc for example is, at most loci, more genetically similar to TcI than to TcIIb). Should TcIIa and TcIIc be merged ?…”

Section: N O M E N C L a T U R E A N D T A X O N O M I C C O N S I D mentioning

confidence: 99%

The molecular epidemiology and phylogeography of Trypanosoma cruzi and parallel research on Leishmania: looking back and to the future

et al. 2009

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SUMMARYTrypanosoma cruzi is the protozoan agent of Chagas disease, and the most important parasitic disease in Latin America. Protozoa of the genus Leishmania are global agents of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, fatal and disfiguring diseases. In the 1970s multilocus enzyme electrophoresis demonstrated that T. cruzi is a heterogeneous complex. Six zymodemes were described, corresponding with currently recognized lineages, TcI and TcIIa-e – now defined by multiple genetic markers. Molecular epidemiology has substantially resolved the phylogeography and ecological niches of the T. cruzi lineages. Genetic hybridization has fundamentally influenced T. cruzi evolution and epidemiology of Chagas disease. Genetic exchange of T. cruzi in vitro involves fusion of diploids and genome erosion, producing aneuploid hybrids. Transgenic fluorescent clones are new tools to elucidate molecular genetics and phenotypic variation. We speculate that pericardial sequestration plays a role in pathogenesis. Multilocus sequence typing, microsatellites and, ultimately, comparative genomics are improving understanding of T. cruzi population genetics. Similarly, in Leishmania, genetic groups have been defined, including epidemiologically important hybrids; genetic exchange can occur in the sand fly vector. We describe the profound impact of this parallel research on genetic diversity of T. cruzi and Leishmania, in the context of epidemiology, taxonomy and disease control.

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Two Hybridization Events Define the Population Structure of Trypanosoma cruzi

Cited by 227 publications

References 68 publications

Evolutionary history ofTrypanosoma cruziaccording to antigen genes

Evolutionary history ofTrypanosoma cruziaccording to antigen genes

A new consensus for Trypanosoma cruzi intraspecific nomenclature: second revision meeting recommends TcI to TcVI

The molecular epidemiology and phylogeography of Trypanosoma cruzi and parallel research on Leishmania: looking back and to the future

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