Two outbreaks of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Africa due to genotype III coxsackievirus variant A24

Isolation of Coxsackievirus A24 variant from patients with hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Cuba, 2008–2009

“…5,15,[18][19][20] Previous studies conducted by, Lin et al, 15 Oh et al, 18 Tavares et al, 19 Cabrerizo et al, 6 Gopalkrishna et al, 2,18 showed CA24 isolation both in HeLa and Hep2 cell line, ranging from 53 to 1.1% which is in complete agreement with our results (36%). These data suggest that the frequency of CA24 isolation positivity is not entirely defined by the used cell line.…”

“…However, since then it has been responsible for numerous acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis outbreaks reported worldwide. [3][4][5][6][7] The Caribbean Islands have had four major epidemics of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis caused by CA24v until 2003. 8 Cuba has not been free from CA24v infection with large outbreaks reported in 1986-1987, 1992-1993, 1997 and 2003.…”

Molecular characterization of a coxsackievirus A24 variant that caused an outbreak of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Spain, 2004

“…Although other studies of recent outbreaks 10,11,[13][14][15] have used the 3C genomic region for molecular analysis, the VP1 region is demonstrably more informative for molecular epidemiological studies than the 3C region for two reasons: due to the high recombination rates among enterovirus, which could distort the analysis; and due to the serological pressure on the capsid region, which may therefore evolve faster than the region encoding non-structural proteins. Indeed, the 3 -end VP1 fragment analysis has been enough to differentiate between HEV serotypes and for their epidemiological studies, not only in this case but also in others.…”

“…8 In recent years, several published reports with molecular studies of outbreaks caused by CV-A24v occurred in Korea (2002) [10][11][12][13][14][15] The phylogenetic analyses published revealed that all these strains were closely related and formed a separate cluster within genotype III.…”

Sialic Acid Is a Cellular Receptor for Coxsackievirus A24 Variant, an Emerging Virus with Pandemic Potential

“…It continued with an outbreak in Malaysia the same year (18). In 2003, outbreaks of AHC were reported from South Korea (46), India (19), Nepal (25), Tunisia (60), and Congo (29), and in the western hemisphere from Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Caribbean countries (45), French Guiana and the West Indies (15), Puerto Rico (2), and Brazil (38). In 2004, more outbreaks hit both the western (58) and eastern (29) hemispheres.…”