“…The numerical analyses are performed using the dynamic explicit code Anura3D (www.anura3d.eu), which implements a full 3D MPM formulation and it is therefore suitable to simulate the three-dimensional soil deformations induced by the movement of the plate. It implements an enhanced version of the original MPM proposed by Sulsky, Chen, & Schreyer, (1994), which has been extensively validated for geomechanical problems (Al-Kafaji, 2013;Yerro, 2015) including slope failures (Soga, Alonso, Yerro, Kumar, & Bandara, 2016;Yerro, Alonso, & Pinyol, 2016) and soil penetration problems Ceccato, Beuth, Vermeer, & Simonini, 2016;Phuong et al, 2016).…”