Two Players Make a Formidable Combination: In Situ Generated Poly(acrylic anhydride-2-methyl-acrylic acid-2-oxirane-ethyl ester-methyl methacrylate) Cross-Linking Gel Polymer Electrolyte toward 5 V High-Voltage Batteries

Abstract

Electrochemical performance of high-voltage lithium batteries with high energy density is limited because of the electrolyte instability and the electrode/electrolyte interfacial reactivity. Hence, a cross-linking polymer network of poly(acrylic anhydride-2-methyl-acrylic acid-2-oxirane-ethyl ester-methyl methacrylate) (PAMM)-based electrolyte was introduced via in situ polymerization inspired by "shuangjian hebi", which is a statement in a traditional Chinese Kungfu story similar to the synergetic effect of 1 + 1 > 2. A poly(acrylic anhydride) and poly(methyl methacrylate)-based system is very promising as electrolyte materials for lithium-ion batteries, in which the anhydride and acrylate groups can provide high voltage resistance and fast ionic conductivity, respectively. As a result, the cross-linking PAMM-based electrolyte possesses a significant comprehensive enhancement, including electrochemical stability window exceeding 5 V vs Li/Li, an ionic conductivity of 6.79 × 10 S cm at room temperature, high mechanical strength (27.5 MPa), good flame resistance, and excellent interface compatibility with Li metal. It is also demonstrated that this gel polymer electrolyte suppresses the negative effect resulting from dissolution of Mn ions at 25 and 55 °C. Thus, the LiNiMnO/Li and LiNiMnO/LiTiO cells using the optimized in situ polymerized cross-linking PAMM-based gel polymer electrolyte deliver stable charging/discharging profiles and excellent rate performance at room temperature and even at 55 °C. These findings suggest that the cross-linking PAMM is an intriguing candidate for 5 V class high-voltage gel polymer electrolyte toward high-energy lithium-on batteries.

Recent Advancements in Polymer-Based Composite Electrolytes for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

“…Although sequentially synthesized IPNs provide a more controllable process, simultaneously synthesized IPNs are more effective in the fabrication of a fully interpenetrating network. As an example, Ma et al [121] synthesized a cross-linking poly(acrylic anhydride-2-methyl-acrylic acid-2-oxirane-ethyl ester-methyl methacrylate) (PAMM) IPN through the in situ polymerization of the monomers and this obtained composite gel electrolyte demonstrated greatly improved high-voltage resistances. A solvent-free method to prepare all-solid IPN composites was also developed by Duan et al [122], in which an in situ plasticized SPE with two conducting polymer networks was fabricated through the facile polymerization of two types of liquid polymer monomers with appropriate chain lengths.…”

Rigid–Flexible Coupling Polymer Electrolytes toward High‐Energy Lithium Batteries

“…A more thorough investigation elucidated that PMM‐CPE played multiple roles in LiCoO 2 /Li cell, as displayed in Figure . For high voltage LiCoO 2 cathode, PMM‐CPE generated an effective CEI layer, successfully protecting LiCoO 2 from crystal structure failure at 4.4 V. Meanwhile, Li/PMM‐CPE/Li cells maintained long‐term cycle stability at a current density of 9.5 mA cm −2 , due to ultrahigh Young’s modulus (6.9 GPa) and stable SEI film formed by PMM‐CPE …”

“…a) Lithium plating/stripping experiment for Li/Li cells with PMM‐CPE, b) Stress–strain curves of P(MVE‐MA) membrane, c) cycle performance of LiCoO 2 /Li cell, and d) schematic illustration of the mechanism of action of PMM‐CPE in the 4.5 V‐class LiCoO 2 /Li cell. Reproduced with permission . Copyright 2018, the Royal Society of Chemistry.…”

Caesium for Perovskite Solar Cells: An Overview

“…In this scenario, it emerged that perovskites with mixed cations and halides are thermally and structurally more stable than the pure perovskite compounds: this observation opened a wide experimental and theoretical research activity, aiming at maximizing PSCs performance by choosing suitable elements, ions and functional groups. The resulting stability will be precious also for the commercial integration of PSCs with energy storage facilities …”

“…The resulting stability will be precious also for the commercial integration of PSCs with energy storage facilities. [66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75] This Review focuseso no ne of the most promisinga nd currently investigated elementu seful to further improvet he strongc haracteristics and high performance of the PSC technology:c aesium (Cs). It is the 45th most abundant element (the 36th among metals), more abundant than cadmium, tin and tungsten, mercury and silver.W ew ill detail how Cs introductioni nh ybrid perovskites may improve the thermal stability at values exceeding 100 8C, optimize optical and electrical properties, alter the crystalline lattice to modulate the thermodynamic phase stability,p recisely control the film formation, improvet he device performance reproducibility,e tc.…”