Two Signatures of Implicit Intergroup Attitudes

Dunham, Yarrow; Chen, Eva E.; Banaji, Mahzarin R.

doi:10.1177/0956797612463081

Cited by 167 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Some new ones are also on the horizon. For example, intergroup attitudes appear to emerge in young children in forms indistinguishable from those of adults (Dunham, Chen, & Banaji, 2013). Implicit intergroup attitudes appear not to require a protracted period of internalization or social tuning, but are characterized by early enculturation and developmental invariance.…”

Section: Specificity Principle: Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Specificity Principle in Acculturation Science

Bornstein

2017

Perspect Psychol Sci

299

250

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The Specificity Principle in Acculturation Science asserts that specific setting conditions of specific people at specific times moderate specific domains in acculturation by specific processes. Our understanding of acculturation depends critically on what is studied where, in whom, how, and when. This article defines, explains, and illustrates the Specificity Principle in Acculturation Science. Research hypotheses about acculturation can be more adequately tested, inconsistencies and discrepancies in the acculturation literature can be satisfactorily resolved, acculturation interventions can be tailored to be more successful, and acculturation policies can be brought to new levels of effectiveness if the specificity principle that governs acculturation science is more widely recognized.

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Section: Specificity Principle: Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Specificity Principle in Acculturation Science

Bornstein

2017

Perspect Psychol Sci

299

250

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“…Out-group bias likely requires several abilities, including the ability to discriminate between groups (Dunham et al, 2013) and to categorize oneself in to a salient social group (Turner et al, 1987). Patients with schizophrenia have intact gender discrimination (Bediou et al, 2005) but models of schizophrenia (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural correlates of out-group bias predict social impairment in patients with schizophrenia

Blackford

Williams

2015

Schizophrenia Research

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Background Social impairments are a hallmark feature of schizophrenia and are a key predictor of functional disability. Deficits in social information processing likely underlie social impairment; however, this relationship is understudied. We previously demonstrated that patients with schizophrenia fail to habituate to neutral faces, providing evidence for an alteration in basic social information processing. It remains unknown whether patients with schizophrenia also show deficits in processing of more complex social information. Out-group bias provides an excellent opportunity to test complex social information processing because the bias requires basic face processing skills, the ability to discriminate between groups, as well as the ability to categorize oneself into a salient social group. Methods Study participants were 23 patients with schizophrenia and 21 controls. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, habituation of response to 120 seconds of repeated presentations of faces was assessed in participants who viewed either same-gender faces or opposite-gender faces. The interaction between face gender (same/opposite) and group was examined in three key regions: amygdala, hippocampus, and visual cortex. Social impairment was measured using the PANSS and correlations between social impairment and out-group effect (main effect of face type) were performed in patients. Results Patients with schizophrenia had aberrant neural responses to opposite-gender faces (interaction, p < .05 corrected). Healthy controls showed an immediate heightened response to opposite-gender faces relative to same-gender faces; but in patients this effect was substantially delayed (~ 70 seconds). In patients with schizophrenia, the out-group bias was significantly correlated with social impairment. Patients with no social impairment showed a heightened neural response to opposite-gender faces after 30 seconds, whereas patients with mild-moderate social impairment failed to ever show a heightened response. Conclusion Alterations in neural responses during out-group processing predicted degree of social impairment in patients with schizophrenia; thus, neural responses to opposite-gender faces may provide a novel measure for studies of treatment response and disease outcome.

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“…These general negative evaluations are further colored with specific affective responses such as fear and specific beliefs that Black people are hostile, which bias White Americans' perceptions/interpretations of facial expressions displayed on Black people's faces in an aggressive manner [14]. Generalizing this specific White-Black pattern to other ethnic categories, there is some evidence to suggest that people tend to associate out-group members with aggression regardless of the race of out-group members [15], [16]. This suggests a general “out-group = aggressive” evaluative tendency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Participants' implicit racial biases were obtained from an evaluative implicit association test (IAT), one of the most widely used implicit tests in studies of intergroup bias [17]. Based on the idea that people have a natural tendency to separate the world into in-groups and out-groups and to favor their in-groups over the out-groups [18], [19], we hypothesized that our Chinese participants would show implicit prejudice toward White people compared with Chinese [15]. Second, based on previous findings that one's implicit racial prejudice can bias the perception of facial expressions from out-group members [9], [11], we also predicted that Chinese participants who possessed a higher level of implicit prejudice would perceive angry (not happy) White faces as more intense than Chinese faces compared with those low in implicit prejudice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit Racial Attitudes Influence Perceived Emotional Intensity on Other-Race Faces

et al. 2014

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An ability to accurately perceive and evaluate out-group members' emotions plays a critical role in intergroup interactions. Here we showed that Chinese participants' implicit attitudes toward White people bias their perception and judgment of emotional intensity of White people's facial expressions such as anger, fear and sadness. We found that Chinese participants held pro-Chinese/anti-White implicit biases that were assessed in an evaluative implicit association test (IAT). Moreover, their implicit biases positively predicted the perceived intensity of White people's angry, fearful and sad facial expressions but not for happy expressions. This study demonstrates that implicit racial attitudes can influence perception and judgment of a range of emotional expressions. Implications for intergroup interactions were discussed.

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Two Signatures of Implicit Intergroup Attitudes

Cited by 167 publications

References 46 publications

The Specificity Principle in Acculturation Science

The Specificity Principle in Acculturation Science

Neural correlates of out-group bias predict social impairment in patients with schizophrenia

Implicit Racial Attitudes Influence Perceived Emotional Intensity on Other-Race Faces

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