Two-stage, non-hydrolytic synthesis for improved control of TiO2 nanorod formation

Abstract

TiO 2 anatase nanorods were grown via the non-hydrolytic elimination reaction between TiCl 4 and Ti (O i Pr) 4 in the presence of oleic acid. The reaction was carried out in two stages in order to separate TiO x seed nucleation at lower temperatures from nanorod growth at higher temperatures. This separation made it possible to study the crystal growth mechanism in more detail, indicating that nanorod formation occurred through a combination of atom-by-atom addition and oriented attachment of the initial seeds. The two-stage reaction approach also enabled considerably improved control of titania nanorod formation in terms of product morphology, crystallinity and uniformity. The effects of a range of reaction parameters, including reaction duration, temperature, dilution and stoichiometry, were investigated.

Lyotropic ‘hairy’ TiO2 nanorods

“…27 A range of methods have been used to prepare TiO 2 nanorods, such as hydrothermal and solvothermal processing, templating, electrospinning and solution-phase reactions. [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] Ligand-stabilized TiO 2 nanorods have been synthesized using a range of non-hydrolytic methods. 35 A one-step, low-temperature method has been used to synthesise oleic acid-capped TiO 2 nanorods in the anatase phase using the hydrolysis of titanium tetraisopropoxide (Ti(O i Pr) 4 ) and oleic acid as the surfactant with tertiary amines or quaternary ammonium hydroxides as catalysts.…”

“…[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] Ligand-stabilized TiO 2 nanorods have been synthesized using a range of non-hydrolytic methods. 35 A one-step, low-temperature method has been used to synthesise oleic acid-capped TiO 2 nanorods in the anatase phase using the hydrolysis of titanium tetraisopropoxide (Ti(O i Pr) 4 ) and oleic acid as the surfactant with tertiary amines or quaternary ammonium hydroxides as catalysts. 34 Solution-processable anatase TiO 2 nanorods have been synthesised in a two-step, non-hydrolytic condensation reaction of TiCl 4 and Ti(O i Pr) 4 in the presence of oleic acid.…”

Low temperature synthesis of water dispersible F-doped TiO2 nanorods with enhanced photocatalytic activity

“…16,[26][27][28] For example, oleate-capped anatase TiO 2 NRs were obtained by low-temperature trimethylamino-noxide dihydrate catalyzed hydrolysis of titanium tetraisopropoxide in oleic acid as surfactant at a temperature as low as 80 C. 25 A facile hydrothermal method was developed for the rst time to grow oriented single-crystalline rutile TiO 2 nanorod lms on transparent conductive substrates. A light-to-electricity conversion efficiency of 3% could be achieved by using 4 mm-long TiO 2 nanorod lms as the photoanode in a DSSC.…”

“…13 Among the various morphologies, TiO 2 nanorods (TiO 2 NRs) can offer a higher surface-to-volume ratio compared to nanospheres, which can increase the density of active surface sites for photocatalytic reactions or load transfer in composites. [14][15][16] Moreover, TiO 2 NRs enabled a fast charge collection, thus demonstrating improved solar cell efficiencies. 17 Therefore, TiO 2 NRs are particularly interesting for optoelectronic applications, such as photovoltaic devices and self-powered UV detectors.…”

Improvement in Sensing Performance of H2O2 Biosensor Electrodes through Modification of Anatase TiO2 Nanorods and Pretreatment of Electrochemical Reduction

“…(9,10) Nanostructured TiO 2 has a strong protein adsorption ability and great biocompatibility. (11) Moreover, TiO 2 with an isoelectric point of 8.9 is very appropriate for HRP enzyme immobilization. (12) In our previous work, TiO 2 nanodot film and rutile TiO 2 nanorods were reported as a mediator to construct a H 2 O 2 biosensor electrode and showed good performance.…”