We propose a label-free method for measuring intracellular temperature using a Raman image of a cell in the OÀH stretching band. Raman spectra of cultured cells and the medium were first measured at various temperatures using a Raman microscope and the intensity ratio of the two regions of the O À H stretching band was calculated. The intensity ratio varies linearly with temperature in both the medium and cells, and the resulting calibration lines allow simultaneous visualization of both intracellular and extracellular temperatures in a label-free manner. We applied this method to the measurement of temperature changes after the introduction of FCCP (carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone) in living cells. We observed a temperature rise in the cytoplasm and succeeded in obtaining an image of the change in intracellular temperature after the FCCP treatment.Intracellular temperature is an essential parameter for understanding physiological phenomena, since all physiological functions involve the generation or absorption of heat. Cellular events such as respiration and cell division have now been examined and understood from the viewpoint of temperature change. The mechanism by which cells detect extracellular temperature [1,2] and transmit it to cell temperature homeostasis has also been studied extensively. [3] Sensing of intracellular temperature is applicable for the diagnosis of diseases, elucidation of disease onset mechanisms, and development of new target drugs.In recent years, the measurement of intracellular temperature has become one of the main topics of chemistry and biophysics, triggered in part by the development of various thermosensitive fluorescent dye molecules. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] These dyes exhibit marked changes in their fluorescence intensity and/or fluorescence lifetime in response to the surrounding temperature, which can be used for evaluating and visualizing the temperature inside a cell. For example, temperature differences among cellular components [4] and heat production in the endoplasmic reticulum by Ca ions [7] have been reported using appropriate thermosensitive fluorescent dyes. However, temperature measurements using exogenous fluorescent dyes have disadvantages, such as the need for pretreatment for dye staining and changes in the intracellular environment with the introduction of dyes. Photobleaching of stained dyes increases the uncertainty of the evaluated temperature. It should be noted that the fluorescence intensity (lifetime) of these dyes depends not only on the surrounding temperature but also on other environmental factors such as ion concentration, viscosity and interaction with biological molecules. Therefore, careful attention must be paid to the estimation of intracellular temperature by fluorescence, [12] since the intracellular environment varies depending on the state of the cell. Furthermore, it is difficult to measure the temperature outside the region where fluorescent molecules are localized. The temperature of the surrounding medium cannot...