Types of Acquired Immunity Against Infectious Disease

Raffel, Sidney

doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.03.100149.001253

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Classical studies have demonstrated immunity to TB to be mediated by cells whereas humoral responses were found not to be of importance [28,29]. The importance of this fundamental concept was later stressed by adoptive transfer experiments demonstrating both tuberculin hypersensitivity and resistance to TB to be mediated by lymphocytes [30,31].…”

Section: Immunity To Tuberculosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Host Responses and Antigens Involved in Protective Immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis

1997

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Andersen P. Host Responses and Antigens Involved in Protective Immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Scand J Immunol 1997;45:115-131 Tuberculosis (TB) is the largest single infectious cause of human mortality. The incidence of TB has remained high in most of the developing world and the disease has recently re-emerged as a public health problem in industrialized countries. The development of a new improved TB vaccine is a highly prioritized international research area, which has been further stimulated by the appearance of multi-drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The present status of the attempts to characterize the protective immune response to TB will be reviewed with special emphasis on recent progress in the identification and characterization of target molecules recognized by protective cells. This paper will focus on proteins released from live bacteria and discuss their role in the host-pathogen interaction and the ongoing attempts to use these molecules in TB subunit vaccines.

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Section: Immunity To Tuberculosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Host Responses and Antigens Involved in Protective Immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis

1997

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“…Some organisms, however, can multiply within cells. The antibody response to such organisms is often at variance with the degree of resistance developed against them (1,2). This has been taken as evidence for the existence of an alternative, non-humoral form of acquired resistance.…”

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confidence: 99%

Cellular Resistance to Infection

Mackaness

1962

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

1,266

752

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Antibody can influence the fate of bacteria in vivo by lysis or opsonisation. The former mechanism is of unknown significance. Opsonins, however, are important whenever the parasite can resist ingestion but is susceptible to inactivation within the phagocytes. Some organisms, however, can multiply within cells. The antibody response to such organisms is often at variance with the degree of resistance developed against them (1, 2). This has been taken as evidence for the existence of an alternative, non-humoral form of acquired resistance. It is widely held that the alternative mechanism is mediated by cells; but this view has not been wholly acceptable (2, 3), and the immunological basis for it has never been explained. Tuberculosis and brucellosis are two infections in which a cellular component has been claimed to play a role in acquired resistance, but they are ill-suited to an experimental approach to the problem. For one thing the immune state is not particularly efficient in either of them. But this is perhaps of less importance than the technical problems encountered in working with the tubercle bacillus, and the fact that virulent strains of Brucella are susceptible both to opsonisation (4) and to lysis by complement in the presence of specific antibody (5). Unless antibody can be excluded as a factor in acquired resistance, difficulties arise in attempting to assign significance to non-humoral factors even though they may represent the major component of the host's defense mechanism.A series of studies has been undertaken to analyse the mechanism of acquired resistance to a facultative intracellular parasite, and the immunological processes upon which it is based. It was realised at the outset that this would be possible only if the combination of host and parasite was chosen so that technical problems were minimised, and the immune state were efficient enough to make its demonstration possible in vitro.The present series of investigations deal with the pathogenesis of listeriosis in mice. The course of the investigation was dictated by several considerations: that non-humoral immunity could express itself in a pure form only against a true facultative intracellular parasite; that the mouse develops a true acquired resistance to Lisleria (6); and that resistance to Lisleria monocytogenes is not 381 on

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“…Vaccinology is defined as the discovery and development of biologic products (vaccines) used to safely induce a protective response to an etiologic agent of disease (Pollard and Bijker, 2021). Resolution of acute phases of infectious diseases usually results in acquired immune protection to subsequent infection with the same etiologic agent (Raffel, 1949;Dougan et al, 2011;Muraille, 2016). Protection of vertebrate hosts against infectious diseases can be achieved by using a biologic product to safely induce protective immune responses.…”

Section: Vaccinologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Interference with biologic transmission of Anaplasma marginale by targeting the tick-pathogen interface

Shahzad¹

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[EMBARGOED UNTIL 6/1/2023] Ticks are globally renowned vectors for numerous zoonoses. Ixodid ticks transmit a variety of viral, bacterial, and protozoan pathogens to their vertebrate hosts. Because of the expansion of the geographic ranges of both ticks and pathogens, increasing tick populations, emerging tick-borne pathogens and continued challenges of achieving effective and sustained tick control, ticks and tick-borne diseases have increased in importance from medical and veterinary public health perspectives. Host immune resistance to ticks has been studied since the first half of the 20th century. This dissertation addresses (i) adaptation of a naturally coevolved large-animal model to investigate immunological underpinnings of resistance to tick challenge, (ii) interference with experimental biologic transmission of a naturally coevolved tick-borne pathogen, Anaplasma marginale, to cattle, (iii) preliminary observations of effects of tetracycline on acquisition and transmission of A. marginale by tick vectors and (iv) preliminary optimization of artificial feeding conditions for ixodid ticks with different apparatuses. Several tick proteins were identified, which were reactive to antisera of tick-extract-immune cattle that were associated with reduced tick performance. The proteins identified here are important for future experiments to determine their posited roles in reduction of tick feeding. Dermacentor andersoni and D. variabilis ticks, natural biologic vectors of A. marginale in the United States, did not experimentally transmit this pathogen to susceptible hosts immunized with crude homogenates of tick tissues. In addition to the main emphasis of this dissertation, preliminary observations included reductions in infection levels acquired by ticks and effects of tetracycline on tick acquisition and transmission of A. marginale. Collectively, the work described in this dissertation suggested that interventions with acquisition and transmission of A. marginale and other tick-borne pathogens are not necessarily dependent on tick mortality.

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Types of Acquired Immunity Against Infectious Disease

Cited by 12 publications

References 49 publications

Host Responses and Antigens Involved in Protective Immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Host Responses and Antigens Involved in Protective Immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Cellular Resistance to Infection

Interference with biologic transmission of Anaplasma marginale by targeting the tick-pathogen interface

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