Typhoid toxin provides a window into typhoid fever and the biology of<i>Salmonella</i>Typhi

Galán, Jorge E.

doi:10.1073/pnas.1606335113

Cited by 89 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Typhoid toxin is a virulence-associated factor of S . Typhi, which is thought to be associated with the early symptoms of typhoid 45 . We confirm that this component of typhoid toxin is immunogenic and may be an important biomarker of acute typhoid 22, 46.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

An evaluation of purified Salmonella Typhi protein antigens for the serological diagnosis of acute typhoid fever

Thieu

Van

Tuan

et al. 2017

Journal of Infection

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SummaryObjectivesThe diagnosis of typhoid fever is a challenge. Aiming to develop a typhoid diagnostic we measured antibody responses against Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) protein antigens and the Vi polysaccharide in a cohort of Bangladeshi febrile patients.MethodsIgM against 12 purified antigens and the Vi polysaccharide was measured by ELISA in plasma from patients with confirmed typhoid fever (n = 32), other confirmed infections (n = 17), and healthy controls (n = 40). ELISAs with the most specific antigens were performed on plasma from 243 patients with undiagnosed febrile disease.ResultsIgM against the S. Typhi protein antigens correlated with each other (rho > 0.8), but not against Vi (rho < 0.6). Typhoid patients exhibited higher IgM against 11/12 protein antigens and Vi than healthy controls and those with other infections. Vi, PilL, and CdtB exhibited the greatest sensitivity and specificity. Specificity and sensitivity was improved when Vi was combined with a protein antigen, generating sensitivities and specificities of 0.80 and >0.85, respectively. Applying a dynamic cut-off to patients with undiagnosed febrile disease suggested that 34–58% had an IgM response indicative of typhoid.ConclusionsWe evaluated the diagnostic potential of several S. Typhi antigens; our assays give good sensitivity and specificity, but require further assessment in differing patient populations.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

An evaluation of purified Salmonella Typhi protein antigens for the serological diagnosis of acute typhoid fever

Thieu

Van

Tuan

et al. 2017

Journal of Infection

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“…It is important to note that resistance to azithromycin which is another effective oral option for uncomplicated typhoid diseasewas less than 10%. In order to secure its continued effectiveness its use should be prudent for management of typhoid disease [19].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Trends in Resistance to Fluoroquinolones and Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactams among <i>Salmonella</i> Typhi Isolates Obtained from Patients at Four Outpatient Clinics in Nairobi County, Kenya

Kavai¹,

Kangogo²,

Muigai³

et al. 2018

AiM

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Typhoid fever caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S.Typhi) causes an estimated 25 million illnesses and approximately 200,000 deaths annually mostly in developing countries. Although the management of typhoid fever has been effectively through antibiotic treatment, S. Typhi is increasingly becoming resistant to the currently recommended drugs. This study utilized a quasi-experimental design focusing on archived samples to describe antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of S. Typhi and determine the genetic basis of resistance to the two most commonly used classes of antimicrobials. A total sample size of 287 isolates of S. Typhi isolates stored in −80˚C freezer at the Centre for Microbiology Research was utilized. Isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing to commonly available antimicrobials using disk diffusion method, then analyzed for trends in resistance to fluoroquinolones and extended spectrum beta lactams. Among the 287 isolates 158 (55.5%) were found to be Multi Drug Resistant (MDR). This implied that these isolates were resistant to all first line classes of treatment such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol and sulfamethoxazole-trimethroprim. In addition to this, these isolates were also resistant to at least one of the currently recommended drugs of choice, either a β-lactam or a fluoroquinolone. This study observed resistances at 18.2% and 15.4% to fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins respectively. PCR results revealed presence of bla TEM , bla INT and bla CTX-M genes coding for resistance to β-lactams in 80% of the isolates that had combined resistance to β-lactams and fluoroquinolones. It is likely that

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“…Whole-cell vaccines against Salmonella enterica serovars paratyphi A and B were also developed in the early 20th century and used by the U.S. military as a trivalent vaccine against enteric fever [102,103]. However, these whole-cell vaccines lost favor due to their propensity to produce high fever, severe headache and malaise and gave way to the development of better tolerated Salmonella vaccines using other approaches such as parenteral polysaccharide and polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines and live attenuated oral vaccines [104].…”

Section: Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Typhoid Fever as a Challenge for Developing Countries and Elusive Diagnostic Approaches Available for the Enteric Fever

Bharmoria¹

2017

IJVR

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Salmonella typhi is the causal organism for the typhoid fever. Typhoid disease is a problem in those developing countries where lack of sanitation, poor water supplies and exposure to unhygienic and polluted environment is a part of routine life of majority of population. Salmonella typhi expresses various virulence antigens like H-antigens, O-antigens and Vi antigens which plays vital role in the infection and pathogenesis of the bacteria. Salmonella typhi causes fever, nausea, headache, body fatigue and bowel related complications in the patients. This disease had been diagnosed by culture method, Widal test for past several decades. These diagnostic techniques are being replaced by the modern assays like ELISA, Dot blot ELISA, DipStick Assays, RT-PCR and other molecular assays. The evolution in diagnostic assays had occurred as the antibiotic resistance in the Salmonella typhi had shown an increase. The Salmonella typhi had been evolved into a multidrug resistant bacteria which need to be timely diagnosed to start the appropriate and correct treatment of typhoid to prevent further complications. This article imparts a brief glimpse on Salmonella typhi, typhoid fever and diagnostic assays available at clinical laboratories. There is a need to focus on the correct and rapid diagnostic methods which should be modified and made accessible to the clinical diagnostic laboratories.

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Typhoid toxin provides a window into typhoid fever and the biology ofSalmonellaTyphi

Cited by 89 publications

References 60 publications

An evaluation of purified Salmonella Typhi protein antigens for the serological diagnosis of acute typhoid fever

An evaluation of purified Salmonella Typhi protein antigens for the serological diagnosis of acute typhoid fever

Analysis of Trends in Resistance to Fluoroquinolones and Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactams among <i>Salmonella</i> Typhi Isolates Obtained from Patients at Four Outpatient Clinics in Nairobi County, Kenya

Typhoid Fever as a Challenge for Developing Countries and Elusive Diagnostic Approaches Available for the Enteric Fever

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Typhoid toxin provides a window into typhoid fever and the biology ofSalmonellaTyphi

Cited by 89 publications

References 60 publications

An evaluation of purified Salmonella Typhi protein antigens for the serological diagnosis of acute typhoid fever

An evaluation of purified Salmonella Typhi protein antigens for the serological diagnosis of acute typhoid fever

Analysis of Trends in Resistance to Fluoroquinolones and Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactams among &lt;i&gt;Salmonella&lt;/i&gt; Typhi Isolates Obtained from Patients at Four Outpatient Clinics in Nairobi County, Kenya

Typhoid Fever as a Challenge for Developing Countries and Elusive Diagnostic Approaches Available for the Enteric Fever

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Analysis of Trends in Resistance to Fluoroquinolones and Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactams among <i>Salmonella</i> Typhi Isolates Obtained from Patients at Four Outpatient Clinics in Nairobi County, Kenya