Tyrosinase‐Conjugated Prussian Blue‐Modified Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles‐Based Interface for Selective Detection of Dopamine

Abstract

In this paper, we have reported fabrication of a label free dopamine biosensor with improved sensitivity and selectivity using an interface based on Prussian blue (PB) modified nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles (NPs) and tyrosinase enzyme conjugates. A wet chemical sol‐gel method was used to synthesize NiO NPs followed by surface modification with PB and utilized as a matrix to immobilize tyrosinase. The structural and morphological studies of the prepared NPs were conducted using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM), Raman and UV‐Vis spectroscopy and purity of the sample was confirmed through X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies. Subsequently, the PB modified NiO NPs were deposited onto a flexible screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) substrate and tyrosinase enzyme molecules were immobilized onto PB‐NiO NPs functionalized SPCE by covalent immobilization for selective and sensitive detection of neurotransmitter dopamine. The enzyme immobilization was confirmed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and FTIR studies and the fabricated electrode was used for electrochemical detection of dopamine using cyclic voltammetry and chrono‐amperometric methods. The results of the electrochemical response studies revealed high sensitivity of 60.459 μA/nanomoles in a broad detection range (0.0075‐1.5 nanomoles) with a detection limit of 3.117 picomoles, whereas sample volume was as low as 15 μL. The proposed sensor exhibited fast response time of 24 seconds; good selectivity in presence of interferents ascorbic and uric acid; descent shelf life of 50 days with excellent reusability (>30 times with 78 % residual response). The sensor was also successfully validated with spiked real serum samples.

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“…However, in the best combination, i.e., TNG-08 the peak intensities are comparable. This could be the result of the restriction in the PU chain movement due to a good interaction between TPU and the GO matrix [35,36]. Therefore, TNG-08 instead of TNG-10 can be chosen as the best possible TPU based membrane combination for effective implementation in any field of study.…”

“…Besides other metal oxide-based photocatalytic nanomaterials (such as Fe 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , ZnO, etc.) [34,35], the NiO NPs are the potential candidate, exhibiting a wide range of contaminant removal applications with an energy bandgap of 3.4 eV [36,37]. Under irradiation of a suitable wavelength, the excitation of charge carriers prompts the photodegradation of various pollutants [38].…”

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“…In addition, the detection potentials of each analyte provide a better control over selectivity as other compounds either not respond to the detector under these conditions or respond so weakly that they do not interfere. Above all, electrochemical measurements offer a high utility in detection sensitivity and selectivity, 6,43,45 while being applicable to miniaturization and thus for mass fabrication with a lower cost.…”

“…[1][2][3] In particular, dopamine inuences physiological conditions; attention, learning, behavior, mood, memory and movement while abnormal concentration leads to Parkinson's disease, attention decit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), senile dementia and schizophrenia. [4][5][6] Epinephrine or adrenaline acts as a ght or ight hormone and excites a series of activities of the sympathetic nervous system and also plays a major role during mental and physical stress. [7][8][9] Both dopamine and epinephrine are used in emergency medical conditions such as hypertension, myocardial infraction, bronchial asthma and during acute heart surgery.…”

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“…To that end, electrochemical techniques have proven advantageous in terms of rapid detection, simplicity and ease in miniaturization (Roychoudhury et al 2016). The simple operation based on oxidation and reduction of redox species at electrodes make electrochemical techniques convenient for easy integration and real time detection (Roychoudhury et al 2017). Further combinations of DNA modifying enzymes, such as the recently found clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas technology, can improve stability and selectivity during electrochemical assay development (Dronina et al 2021).…”