U.S. Intercounty Migration in the 1990s: People and Income Move Down the Urban Hierarchy

Abstract

Internal migration within the United States continues to transform both the magnitude and composition of population at all geographic scales. During 1994 ‐ 1995, the majority of counties gained both people and income, largely as a consequence of net outmigration by higher income migrants from the nation's most populous cities. Regionally, net gainers of both people and income included counties in the West and South as well as other areas renowned for environmental amenities. Spatially, net migration flowed down the urban hierarchy from large central cities to adjacent suburbs which, in turn, exported migrants to exurban areas. Large cities tended to exchange migrants with nearby counties as well as other large cities. Migration patterns such as these are contributing to spatial deconcentration and economic disparity.

Exodus from the California Core: Using Demographic Effectiveness and Migration Impact Measures to Examine Population Redistribution Within the Western United States

“…These shifts have been primarily the result of migration rather than natural change (Beale 1975;Frey and Speare 1992;Fuguitt 1985;Kontuly and Bierens 1990;Long 1981;Long and DeAre 1988;Morrill 1978;Plane 1984;Richter 1985;Vining and Strauss 1977). Of particular interest to this study is the early 1990s ''rural rebound'' (Fuguitt and Beale 1996;Johnson 1999;Long and Nucci 1999;Manson and Groop 2000).…”

“…Furthermore, each migration subsystem associated with a particular CBSA was further divided into net in-migration and net out-migration ''fields'' (cf. Manson and Groop 2000;Roseman and McHugh 1982). Under our definition, a net out-migration field for a particular CBSA consists of all the origin CBSAs and outside CBSA counties with which it had a negative exchange (i.e., lost population).…”

Environmental Hazards as Disamenities: Selective Migration and Income Change in the United States from 2000–2010

“…Migration can act as a mechanism of increasing spatial equilibrium or as one that exacerbates already spatially uneven patterns of income distribution. Previous research on income migration (see Manson and Groop 2000;Nelson 2005;Newbold 2008) indicates that divergence, at least in the United States and Canada in the past few decades, is the more likely outcome. This has the potential of putting increased pressure on local community groups, private and government insurance, and other hazard relief programs.…”

Migration and regional science: opportunities and challenges in a changing environment

“…Plane (1999) application of net migration and migration effectiveness measures to evaluate income redistribution provides insight into the ability for inter-regional migration to redistribute income across space. Using the same methods, Manson and Groop (2000) noted the movement of income down the urban hierarchy, resulting in a greater disparity of income over space in the United States, with suburbs and outlying areas enjoying income growth. Similarly, Nelson (2005) and Newbold (2008) focused on the redistribution of non-earned income (i.e., retirement savings and pensions) within older populations.…”