Über asymmetrische flügellage bei insekten und ihre beziehungen zu anderen asymmetrien

Mating positions and the evolution of asymmetric insect genitalia

“…In the widespread 'false male-above position' (e.g., Caelifera, Phasmida, Mantodea, Thysanoptera, Plecoptera, Embiidina, Grylloblattodea, many Heteroptera, etc. ), the male sits on top of the female, but his abdomen is bent around the female abdomen and his genitalia actually contact the female from below (as in a female-above position) (e.g., Baunacke 1912;Fedorov 1927;Schrader 1930;Weber 1930;Hase 1932;Friederichs 1934;Keilbach 1935;Jordan and Wendt Larsén 1938;Rawat 1939;Stefani 1953;Mika 1959;Ross 1970Ross , 2000Jordan 1972;Stewart and Stark 1977;Whitman and Loher 1984;Terry and Dyreson 1996). The same is usually the case in side-by-side positions (e.g., many 'Homoptera', Panorpidae, some Heteroptera, etc.)…”

“…Many true bugs have poorly flexible abdomens, and the asymmetries are often conspicuous (e.g., flat nepomorph bugs, Schuh and Slater 1995). In some taxa, however, the abdomen has secondarily acquired higher flexibility including asymmetric muscles, and their genitalia are symmetric (e.g., Keilbach 1935 andLarsén 1938 on Notonecta glauca).…”

The evolution of chirally dimorphic insect genitalia

“…3), and three Ciulfina species (see above) are dimorphic. In the Heteropteran genera Nabis and Corixa the male genital segments and the parameres, respectively, are dextral in some species, sinistral in others (Ekblom 1926;Keilbach 1935;Larsén 1938;Kullenberg 1947). And, finally, in the Thaumastocoridae, the aedeagus is bent to the left or right, depending on the species (Cassis et al 1999).…”

Asymmetry of the Sutural Margins of Elytra: Implications for the Generic Classification of Haliplidae (Coleoptera)

“…The geadephagan families (Trachypachidae and Carabidae (excluding Carabus Linnaeus)), are antisymmetric while the hydradephagan families (Gyrinidae, Haliplidae, Hygrobiidae, Noteridae, Amphizoidae and Dytiscidae) all show biased enantiomorphic populations. A similar dichotomy was found by Keilbach (1935) andŠ kapec andŠ tys (1980) in studies of the forewing position of Heteroptera: a dominance of antisymmetry for terrestrial groups but with most aquatic groups showing biased enantiomorphic populations. The results for N. striola are consistent with directed asymmetry in this aquatic heteropteran species.…”