“…Similar steric effects result when groups are ortho to the nitro group (40a, 209), causing a hindrance to the coplanarity of the oxygen atoms in such resonating structures as o-0-Remington found Xmax for p-nitro-lV, iV-dimethylaniline to diminish rapidly as one, and then two, methyl groups are placed ortho to the nitro group (see figure 10). Several investigators (58,113,232,235,257,276,286,301) have offered additional examples of steric hindrance occurring in the excited state of organic molecules, particularly the substituted biphenyls. It is found that 3,3'or 4,4'-disubstituted biphenyls have spectra similar to that of biphenyl with, perhaps, anticipated substitutive effects.…”