Über die antibiotische Wirkung der Flechtenstoffe

Klosa, Josef

doi:10.1515/bchm2.1951.287.1-6.195

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…These experiments showed that lichen compounds did not inhibit gram-negative rods or fungi at concentrations of Յ32 g/ml (data not shown) but were active against staphylo-cocci, enterococci, and anaerobic bacteria (Tables 1 and 2), confirming earlier qualitative data (3,6,7,12,15)…”

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confidence: 85%

“…In two strains of enterococci, a 98% inhibition of growth was seen at 16 g/ml for both optic antipodes; in staphylococci, only 65% inhibition of growth was achieved. Stoll et al (15) reported a bacteriostatic effect against staphylococci but a bactericidal effect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro (7,15), which could not be confirmed in experiments in animals by other investigators (8).…”

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confidence: 89%

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In vitro activities of the lichen secondary metabolites vulpinic acid, (+)-usnic acid, and (-)-usnic acid against aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms

Lauterwein

Oethinger

Belsner

et al. 1995

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

203

128

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Secondary metabolites of different species of lichen were tested for their activities against a variety of microbial species. While gram-negative rods and fungi were not inhibited by these compounds, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, and some anaerobic species (Bacteroides and Clostridium species) were susceptible at the concentrations tested. Vulpinic acid generally was less active than usnic acid, regardless of its stereochemistry. The susceptibility to usnic acid was not impaired in clinical isolates of S. aureus resistant to methicillin and/or mupirocin.The intensive use of antibiotics has selected for antibiotic resistance factors and facilitated the spread of multiply resistant microorganisms. Some of the resistant strains such as Corynebacterium jeikeium or Mycobacterium avium belong to species with low pathogenicities; however, highly clinically relevant species such as Staphylococcus aureus (4, 5, 11), Enterococcus faecalis, and Enterococcus faecium (1) also acquired resistance to additional antibiotics. The resulting strains limit the spectrum of therapeutically active antibiotics drastically. Therefore, there is a continuous need for modifications to established anti-infective compounds and for the detection of new chemicals. The search for new chemical structures with antimicrobial activity traditionally requires testing of large batteries of different microbial products. A more selected way of finding new compounds could be the use of experiences of traditional medicine. As early as the 18th century B.C. in Egypt (16), lichen extracts had been used topically. Pharmacologic research in the beginning of the antibiotic era in the 1950s defined usnic acid and related products as the active compounds in lichens (2, 6-8, 12, 15). Preliminary reports revealed an activity mainly against gram-positive cocci. However, most of these experiments were carried out more than 40 years ago, so that the data obtained are not comparable to standardized test results. We therefore characterized the antibacterial activities of three acids obtained from lichen.The antimicrobial activities of the lichen substances (ϩ)-usnic acid (Fig. 1) (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.) and (Ϫ)-usnic acid (Fig. 1) of Cladonia stellaris (Opiz) Tonzar & Viezda (Sigma Chemical Co.) and vulpinic acid (Fig. 2) of Letharia vulpina (L.) Hue (Sigma Chemical Co.) were tested against selected aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms by standardized methodology (13,14). After ruling out the intrinsic activity of tetrahydrofuran (Fluka Chemie AG, Buchs, Switzerland), tetrahydrofuran (0.2%, by volume) was used as the solvent mediator for the lichen compounds. Because of the limited solubilities of the tested compounds in water-based nutrient broths (cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth for aerobic bacteria, Sabouraud broth for Candida species, and Schaedler broth for anaerobic bacteria) (9, 13, 14), the maximum achievable concentration in broth was 32 g/ml. Stock solutions were filter sterilized as described by Ghione ...

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confidence: 85%

mentioning

confidence: 89%

In vitro activities of the lichen secondary metabolites vulpinic acid, (+)-usnic acid, and (-)-usnic acid against aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms

Lauterwein

Oethinger

Belsner

et al. 1995

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

203

128

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“…Previously, various biological activities of usnic acid and usimines A -C were reported. Usnic acid was isolated from several species of lichens and showed several biological activities such as antitumour (Kupchan and Kopperman, 1975), antibacterial (Klosa, 1953;Lauterwein et al, 1995), antimycobacterial (Ingólfsdóttir et al, 1998), analgesic and antipyretic (Okuyama et al, 1995), antiviral , antiproliferative (Kumar and Müller, 1999) and anti-infl ammatory. Usimines A -C from R. terebrata showed moderate inhibitory activity against the therapeutically targeted protein tyrosine phosphate 1B (PTP1B) (Seo et al, 2008).…”

Section: Antibacterial Activities Of the Isolated Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibacterial Activities of Ramalin, Usnic Acid and its Three Derivatives Isolated from the Antarctic Lichen Ramalina terebrata

Paudel

Bhattarai

Lee

et al. 2010

Zeitschrift Für Naturforschung C

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The development of new antibacterial compounds is an urgent issue to meet the evolution of resistivity of pathogenic bacteria against the available drugs. The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial compounds from the Antarctic lichen species Ramalina terebrata. A total of fi ve compounds, usnic acid, usimine A, usimine B, usimine C, and ramalin, were isolated by bioactivity guided-fractionation of the methanol extract of R. terebrata after several chromatographic procedures. The qualitative antibacterial activities of the crude extract and isolated compounds were determined by the disk diffusion method while the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination assay gave the quantitative strength of the test samples. All the test samples showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis. The crude extract and usnic acid showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The MIC values of the isolated compounds against B. subtilis were in the range of 1 to 26 μg/mL. These observed experimental data showed the strong antibacterial potential of these compounds against B. subtilis.

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“…There is fairly good agreement between the present results and those of Evans (1944), with the exception of the present finding of squamatic acid. Squamatic acid is only seen reported for C. bacillaris in Klosa (1951).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Morphological and Chemical Variation in the Cladonia Macilenta/Bacillaris Aggregate in Denmark

Christensen

1987

The Lichenologist

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Über die antibiotische Wirkung der Flechtenstoffe

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

In vitro activities of the lichen secondary metabolites vulpinic acid, (+)-usnic acid, and (-)-usnic acid against aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms

In vitro activities of the lichen secondary metabolites vulpinic acid, (+)-usnic acid, and (-)-usnic acid against aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms

Antibacterial Activities of Ramalin, Usnic Acid and its Three Derivatives Isolated from the Antarctic Lichen Ramalina terebrata

Morphological and Chemical Variation in the Cladonia Macilenta/Bacillaris Aggregate in Denmark

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