Über die Richtung und die manifeste Grösse der Potentialschwankungen im menschlichen Herzen und über den Einfluss der Herzlage auf die Form des Elektrokardiogramms

Einthoven, W.; Fahr, G.; Waart, A. de

doi:10.1007/bf01697566

Cited by 353 publications

(44 citation statements)

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“…The frontal leads were assumed to be separated by 30° based on Einthoven's triangle in the frontal plane (Fig 2A) (18,19). This assumption is clinically established and used for teaching purposes although Einthoven's triangle is only a special case of Burger's triangle which takes into consideration that the human body is a three-dimensional volume conductor (20)(21)(22).…”

Section: Electrocardiographic Recording and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between electrical axis by 12-lead electrocardiogram and anatomical axis of the heart by cardiac magnetic resonance in healthy subjects

Engblom

Foster

Martin

et al. 2005

American Heart Journal

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Section: Electrocardiographic Recording and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between electrical axis by 12-lead electrocardiogram and anatomical axis of the heart by cardiac magnetic resonance in healthy subjects

Engblom

Foster

Martin

et al. 2005

American Heart Journal

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“…The ECG was regarded by Einthoven et al 30 as originating in a stationary, timedependent single-dipole source that can be represented by a vector, the heart vector. In this model, voltage in any lead was explained by projection of the heart vector onto the straight line that defined the lead axis.…”

Section: The Ecg Signalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recommendations for the Standardization and Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram

Kligfield¹,

Gettes²,

Bailey³

et al. 2007

Circulation

533

152

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Abstract-This statement examines the relation of the resting ECG to its technology. Its purpose is to foster understanding of how the modern ECG is derived and displayed and to establish standards that will improve the accuracy and usefulness of the ECG in practice. Derivation of representative waveforms and measurements based on global intervals are described. Special emphasis is placed on digital signal acquisition and computer-based signal processing, which provide automated measurements that lead to computer-generated diagnostic statements. Lead placement, recording methods, and waveform presentation are reviewed. Key Words: AHA Scientific Statements Ⅲ electrocardiography Ⅲ computers Ⅲ diagnosis Ⅲ electrophysiology Ⅲ intervals Ⅲ potentials Ⅲ tests I n the century since the introduction of the string galvanometer by Willem Einthoven, 1 the electrocardiogram (ECG) has become the most commonly conducted cardiovascular diagnostic procedure and a fundamental tool of clinical practice. 2,3 It is indispensable for the diagnosis and prompt initiation of therapy in patients with acute coronary syndromes and is the most accurate means of diagnosing intraventricular conduction disturbances and arrhythmias. Its interpretation may lead to the recognition of electrolyte abnormalities, particularly of serum potassium and calcium, and permit the detection of some forms of genetically mediated electrical or structural cardiac abnormalities. The ECG is routinely used to monitor patients treated with antiarrhythmic and other drugs, in the preoperative assessment of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery, and in screening individuals in high-risk occupations and, in some The American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the Heart Rhythm Society make every effort to avoid any actual or potential conflicts of interest that may arise as a result of an outside relationship or a personal, professional, or business interest of a member of the writing panel. Specifically, all members of the writing group are required to complete and submit a Disclosure Questionnaire showing all such relationships that might be perceived as real or potential conflicts of interest. Copies: This document is available on the World Wide Web sites of the American Heart Association (www.americanheart.org) and the American College of Cardiology (www.acc.org). A single reprint is available by calling 800-242-8721 (US only) or writing the American Heart Association, Public Information, 7272 Greenville Ave, Dallas, TX 75231-4596. Ask for reprint No. 71-0389. To purchase additional reprints, call 843-216-2533 or e-mail kelle.ramsay@wolterskluwer.com.Permissions: Multiple copies, modification, alteration, enhancement, and/or distribution of this document are not permitted without the express permission of the American Heart Association. Instructions for obtaining permission are located at http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml? Identifierϭ4431. A link to the "Permission Request Form" appears on the right side of the page.© 2007 American...

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“…On the other hand, if the terminal is to be used to obtain one orthogonal component of the heart vector, then it is only necessary to select the points so that the bounded plane defined by them is penetrated by the axis of the component to be defined. Figure 1 illustrates a general two-dimensional inhomogeneous medium where three points, (1) and i, and k are the three component unit vectors.…”

Section: The Central Terminal In Two Dimensionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

General Networks for Central Terminals in Electrocardiography and Vectorcardiography

1955

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A method is described for obtaining true orthogonal components of the heart vector by measuring the differences in potential between resistor networks which are connected to the limbs and to the back. The values of the resistors in the networks are determined by solving equations into which the scalar coefficients for the limbs and for the back are inserted.C OEFFICIENTS for defining the relationships between the manifest potential difference' of the heart (the heart vector2) and leads from the surface of the body (lead vectors2' 3) have beeii determined on models.2' 3 The agreement in values obtained by two teams of investigators ill two different parts of the world on two different models is quite remarkable.9 Before these data can be applied clinically, one must attempt, by determining the coefficients in man, to overcome some of the objections to experiments on a model.Execution of such clinical research poses many difficulties. Preliminary direct approaches in one dimension have been made by placing a dipole within the heart4 or in the esophagus.5 Theoretic solutions have been proposed by Frank6 and by McFee and Johnston.7 Observations by Frank,6 based on studies of a full scale model of a man, have only the objection already mentioned. Analyses presented by MeFee & Johnston7 are based on the relationships between the "lead field" and the lead voltage. From these relationships they propose to create specifically desired leads either by cancelling out unwanted direction, flare or curvature of the lead field by combina-

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Über die Richtung und die manifeste Grösse der Potentialschwankungen im menschlichen Herzen und über den Einfluss der Herzlage auf die Form des Elektrokardiogramms

Cited by 353 publications

References 0 publications

The relationship between electrical axis by 12-lead electrocardiogram and anatomical axis of the heart by cardiac magnetic resonance in healthy subjects

The relationship between electrical axis by 12-lead electrocardiogram and anatomical axis of the heart by cardiac magnetic resonance in healthy subjects

Recommendations for the Standardization and Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram

General Networks for Central Terminals in Electrocardiography and Vectorcardiography

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