Über metallorganische Esterverbindungen: I. Über Jod‐zinn‐ester‐verbindungen

Emmert, Bruno; Eller, Wilhelm

doi:10.1002/cber.19110440351

Cited by 11 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 3 publications

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“…for several hours in the presence of iodine and zinc the compound, I3Zn2(CH2C02C2H5)3, is formed (91); tin reacts similarly, so that when ethyl iodoacetate, iodine, and tin are heated to 60-70°C. for several hours the compound, SnI2(CH2C02C2Hs)2 is formed (90).…”

Section: Ch2iconhc6h6mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lachrymators.

Jackson¹,

Jackson²

1935

Chem. Rev.

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Many chemical compounds possess more or less lachrymatory properties varying in intensity from mild irritation to severe, with a flow of tears so copious as to blind the victim temporarily. Some of these compounds, like chloropicrin, are also toxic. The lachrymatory property seems to be connected with the halogen group, and all lachrymators contain one of the halogens. In general, those compounds containing iodine have the strongest lachrymatory effect; bromine compounds are less powerful and chlorine compounds still less effective (304). The comparative rarity and expense of iodine makes the use of this element impractical. Most of the lachrymators used during the World War contained bromine and some, like bromobenzyl cyanide, were extremely effective. But bromine is quite expensive as compared with chlorine, and the development of the lachrymator chloroacetophenone, which is as effective as bromobenzyl cyanide, makes it appear probable that in the future no other lachrymatory gas will be manufactured. It is an interesting fact that even as early as 1887 Prof. Bayer, in his lectures to advanced students, included a reference to the military value of lachrymators (180). When tear gas is referred to by the general public, chloroacetophenone is usually meant.The chemical agents introduced during the World War proved very effective, as shown by the reports of the War Departments of the countries involved and the increased number of gas shells fired during the latter part of the war. Despite these facts, there is still an unholy fear of such agents on the part of the average citizen, owing to the mass of war propaganda against the use of gas and the lack of accurate information concerning same.Men fear the unknown; it is easier for them to maintain morale in the face of bullets, naked bayonets, and the sword's edge than in the presence of invisible gas; likewise a mob has less fear of the fire hose, night clubs, and bullets than of gas. There is always the uncertainty in their minds as to the effects of the gas, and more especially if there be a little smoke mixed with it, for they know not what may be behind it. The only real danger of serious injury from using non-toxic tear gas is from the possibility that members of the crowd may be trampled upon in attempts to escape. 195

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Section: Ch2iconhc6h6mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lachrymators.

Jackson¹,

Jackson²

1935

Chem. Rev.

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Genesis and Evolution in the Chemistry of Organogermanium, Organotin and Organolead Compounds

Воронков

Абзаева

2009

Patai's Chemistry of Functional Groups

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Neue Ergebnisse der Organozinn‐Forschung

1958

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Es wird eine Übersicht über den gegenwärtigen Stand der Organozinn-Forschung gegeben. Zahlreiche neue, teilweise hier erstmals mitgeteilte Synthesen erlauben es, eine Fülle interessanter Verbindungen herzustellen. Auf einige neue Anwendungsmöglichkeiten von bestimmten Typen von Organozinn-Verbindungen wird hingewiesen. Besonders aussichtsreich erscheint die Verwendung im Pflanzenschutz.Einleitung Die Kohlenstoff-Verbindungen der Metalle der vierten Hauptgruppe des Periodensystems müssen zu den stabilsten Organometall-Verbindungen überhaupt gerechnet werden. In diesen metallorganischen Verbindungen ist die Metall-Kohlenstoff-Bindung verhältnismäßig inert, sowohl gegen hydrolysierende als gegen oxydierende Einflüsse. Dementsprechend sind, im Gegensatz zu den meisten anderen metallorganischen Verbindungen, die organischen Derivate der Elemente der vierten Hauptgruppe zu Alkylierungen oder Arylierungen nur wenig geeignet.Diese hohe Stabilität hängt zusammen mit der in dieser Hauptgruppe immer wieder auftretenden Hybridisierung der s-und der p-Elektronenbahnen in der Valenzhülle zu der tetraedrischen sp 3 -Konfiguration. Hierdurch haben in dieser Hauptgruppe alle Verbindungen vom Typus R 4 M in großen Zügen übereinstimmende physikalische und che-*) Erweiterte Fassung eines Vortrags, gehalten am 28. November 1957 auf der Vortragstagung "Organozinn-Verbindungen des Zinn-Informationsbüros (Düsseldorf) in Frankfurt/Main.

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Über metallorganische Esterverbindungen: I. Über Jod‐zinn‐ester‐verbindungen

Cited by 11 publications

References 3 publications

Lachrymators.

Lachrymators.

Genesis and Evolution in the Chemistry of Organogermanium, Organotin and Organolead Compounds

Neue Ergebnisse der Organozinn‐Forschung

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