Über Wasserfallelektrizität und über die Oberflächenbeschaffenheit der Flüssigkeiten

Lenard, Philipp

doi:10.1002/andp.19153521203

Cited by 80 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This was the explanation provided by Iribarne and Thompson [31] for droplet charging in a sonic spray type experiment. Breakup of the electric double layer was originally postulated to produce droplets with few charges by a nonstatistical process [71]. However, in rapid bubble formation, a shearing of the electric double layer could segregate charge due to inertia of the charge carriers.…”

Section: Production Of Charged Droplets or Particles Without An Electmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mechanism for Ionization of Nonvolatile Compounds in Mass Spectrometry: Considerations from MALDI and Inlet Ionization

Trimpin

Wang

Inutan

et al. 2012

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

113

530

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Mechanistic arguments relative to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) address observations that predominately singly charged ions are detected. However, recently a matrix assisted laser ablation method, laserspray ionization (LSI), was introduced that can use the same sample preparation and laser as MALDI, but produce highly charged ions from proteins. In MALDI, ions are generated from neutral molecules by the photon energy provided to a matrix, while in LSI ions are produced inside a heated inlet tube linking atmospheric pressure and the first vacuum region of the mass spectrometer. Some LSI matrices also produce highly charged ions with MALDI ion sources operated at intermediate pressure or high vacuum. The operational similarity of LSI to MALDI, and the large difference in charge states observed by these methods, provides information of fundamental importance to proposed ionization mechanisms for LSI and MALDI. Here, we present data suggesting that the prompt and delayed ionization reported for vacuum MALDI are both fast processes relative to producing highly charged ions by LSI. The energy supplied to produce these charged clusters/droplets as well as their size and time available for desolvation are determining factors in the charge states of the ions observed. Further, charged droplets/clusters may be a common link for ionization of nonvolatile compounds by a variety of MS ionization methods, including MALDI and LSI.

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Section: Production Of Charged Droplets or Particles Without An Electmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mechanism for Ionization of Nonvolatile Compounds in Mass Spectrometry: Considerations from MALDI and Inlet Ionization

Trimpin

Wang

Inutan

et al. 2012

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

113

530

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“…In this study, we investigated the "waterfall effect", which creates mostly negative ions, also known as Lenard's ions (Lenard, 1892) or ballo-electric ions. Investigations of the ballo-electric ion phenomenon was started by Philipp Lenard (Lenard, 1915(Lenard, , 1892 and continued by Chapman (1938a, b), Blanchard (1955), Gathman and Hoppel (1970), Levin (1971), Reiter (1994), Hõrrak et al (2006), Hirsikko et al (2007Hirsikko et al ( , 2011, Laakso et al (2006Laakso et al ( , 2007, Luts et al (2009), Tammet et al (2009) and others. Laakso et al (2006) and Luts et al (2009) proposed and analyzed several pathways which can produce waterfall ions.…”

Section: Air Ions In the Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of ions at Alpine waterfalls

et al. 2012

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Abstract. During a three-year field campaign of measuring waterfall generated ions, we monitored five different waterfalls in the Austrian Alps. Most measurements were performed at the Krimml waterfall (Salzburg, Austria), which is the biggest waterfall in Europe, and the Gartl waterfall (Mölltal, Austria). We characterized spatial, time and size distributions of waterfall-generated ions under the influence of surrounding topography. The smallest ions with boundary diameters of 0.9, 1.5 and 2 nm, were measured with a cylindrical air ion detector (CDI-06), while ion sizes from 5.5 to 350 nm were measured using a modified Grimm SMPS aerosol spectrometer. High negative ion concentration gradients are detected in the vicinity of the waterfalls, whereas the increase of positive ions was only moderate. Ions in the nano range were the most abundant at 2 nm, and at 120 nm in the sub-micrometer range.

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“…An exchange of the triboelectric surface charge with the ambient atmosphere has also been proposed in the older triboelectric literature, 18,19,81 and its mechanism is likely related to the charge-transfer mechanism between dispersing water droplets and air, first studied by Lenard, who was inspired by the observation of negatively charged air at waterfalls ("Wasserfallelektrizität"). 82,83 …”

Section: Water As a Sink Of Chargementioning

confidence: 99%

Squeezing out hydrated protons: low-frictional-energy triboelectric insulator charging on a microscopic scale

Knorr¹

2011

AIP Advances

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Though triboelectric charging of insulators is common, neither its mechanism nor the nature of the charge is well known. Most research has focused on the integral amount of charge transferred between two materials upon contact, establishing, e.g., a triboelectric series. Here, the charge distribution of tracks on insulating polymer films rubbed by polymer-covered pointed swabs is investigated in high resolution by Kelvin probe force microscopy. Pronounced bipolar charging was observed for all nine rubbing combinations of three different polymers, with absolute surface potentials of up to several volts distributed in streaks along the rubbing direction and varying in polarity on μm-length scales perpendicular to the rubbing direction. Charge densities increased considerably for rubbing in higher relative humidity, for higher rubbing loads, and for more hydrophilic polymers. The ends of rubbed tracks had positively charged rims. Surface potential decay with time was strongly accelerated in increased humidity, particularly for polymers with high water permeability. Based on these observations, a mechanism is proposed of triboelectrification by extrusions of prevalently hydrated protons, stemming from adsorbed and dissociated water, along pressure gradients on the surface by the mechanical action of the swab. The validity of this mechanism is supported by explanations given recently in the literature for positive streaming currents of water at polymer surfaces and by reports of negative charging of insulators tapped by accelerated water droplets and of potential built up between the front and the back of a rubbing piece, observations already made in the 19th century. For more brittle polymers, strongly negatively charged microscopic abrasive particles were frequently observed on the rubbed tracks. The negative charge of those particles is presumably due in part to triboemission of electrons by polymer chain scission, forming radicals and negatively charged ions

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Über Wasserfallelektrizität und über die Oberflächenbeschaffenheit der Flüssigkeiten

Cited by 80 publications

References 29 publications

A Mechanism for Ionization of Nonvolatile Compounds in Mass Spectrometry: Considerations from MALDI and Inlet Ionization

A Mechanism for Ionization of Nonvolatile Compounds in Mass Spectrometry: Considerations from MALDI and Inlet Ionization

Characterization of ions at Alpine waterfalls

Squeezing out hydrated protons: low-frictional-energy triboelectric insulator charging on a microscopic scale

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