Ueber eine neue organische Base in den Cocablättern

Niemann, A.

doi:10.1002/ardp.18601530202

Cited by 50 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Most of the cultivated coca used for cocaine (1) production comes from this species [34]. Albert Neimann first isolated cocaine (1) as a pure substance in 1860 [35] and its use exploded in popularity following an endorsement by Sigmund Freud [36]. The leaves of Erythroxylum novogranatense were also chewed by the elite class for their high content of methyl salicylate, which imparts a minty taste [37,38].…”

Section: The Scattered Distribution Of Tropanes and Granatanes Amongsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tropane and Granatane Alkaloid Biosynthesis: A Systematic Analysis

et al. 2016

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Abstract:The tropane and granatane alkaloids belong to the larger pyrroline and piperidine classes of plant alkaloids, respectively. Their core structures share common moieties and their scattered distribution among angiosperms suggest that their biosynthesis may share common ancestry in some orders, while they may be independently derived in others. Tropane and granatane alkaloid diversity arises from the myriad modifications occurring to their core ring structures. Throughout much of human history, humans have cultivated tropane-and granatane-producing plants for their medicinal properties. This manuscript will discuss the diversity of their biological and ecological roles as well as what is known about the structural genes and enzymes responsible for their biosynthesis. In addition, modern approaches to producing some pharmaceutically important tropanes via metabolic engineering endeavors are discussed.

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Section: The Scattered Distribution Of Tropanes and Granatanes Amongsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tropane and Granatane Alkaloid Biosynthesis: A Systematic Analysis

et al. 2016

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“…(Rubiaceae) alkaloid 1820 [157] 1918 [158] 1944 [159] Colchicine Colchicum autumnale (Liliaceae) alkaloid 1820 [160] 1952 [161] 1961 [162] Coniine Conium maculatum (Apiaceae) alkaloid 1826 [163] 1881 [164] 1889 [165] Nicotine Nicotiana tabacum (Solanaceae) alkaloid 1828 [166] 1893 [167] 1904 [168] Salicylic acid/salicin Salix spp. (Salicaceae) phenol 1830 [169] 1838 (salicin) [170] 1860 (salicylic acid) [171]; 1879 (salicin) [172] Hyoscyamine/atropine Atropa belladonna (Solanaceae) alkaloid 1833 (atropine) [173] 1883 (atropine) [174] 1901 (atropine) [175] Cocaine Erythroxylum coca (Erythroxylaceae) alkaloid 1860 [176] 1898 [177] 1898 [177] Physostigmine Physostigma venenosum (Fabaceae) alkaloid 1864 [178] 1935 [59] 1935 [59] Podophyllotoxin Podophyllum peltatum (Berberidaceae) lignan 1880 [179] 1951 [180] 1962 [181] Camphor Cinnamomum camphora (Lauraceae) terpene antiquity 1903 [182] 1903 [182] Compounds that were described early are dominated by alkaloids, as they often readily crystallized as salts in pure form. An exception is coniine, whose free base is a liquid and which was the first alkaloid synthesized.…”

Section: Chemosystematicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic plants: a chemist’s perspective

Hanson

2010

Experientia Supplementum

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Abstract. Chemistry has long been an integral part of toxicology, as the two fields originated in much the same way: the investigation of plants with interesting properties. In this chapter I review the role that chemistry has played in understanding toxic and medicinal plants. After some introductory remarks, three broad areas are addressed: the role of natural products in understanding plant taxonomy and evolution, recent developments in chemical synthesis, especially efforts to discover and efficiently synthesize novel structures based upon naturally occurring toxins, and finally, developments in the new field of systems toxicology, which seeks to integrate all aspects of an organism's response to toxic insult.

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“…Jahrhunderts zum ersten Mal eine für weitere Analysen ausreichende Menge an Blättern der Kokapflanze (Erythroxylon coca) nach Europa brachte [211]. Entsprechende Untersuchungen wurden in den Jahren 1859/60 von dem deutschen Chemiker Albert Niemann durchgeführt, dem es schließlich gelang,das Hauptalkaloid der Kokapflanze, das Kokain, chemisch zu isolieren [166].…”

Section: Entwicklung Der Lokalanästhetikaunclassified

Toxikologie der Lokalan�sthetika

Zink

Graf

2003

Der Anaesthesist

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Regardless of their specific physico-chemical properties and chemical structures, all local anaesthetic agents block neuronal voltage-gated sodium channels, and thus suppress conduction in peripheral nerves. Since these ion channels ubiquitously appear in excitable membranes, systemic accumulation of local anaesthetic agents may affect the functional integrity of these structures. Clinically, local anaesthetic-induced systemic toxicity results in central nervous and cardiovascular malfunction. With regard to CNS toxicity, symptoms which are largely drug-independent appear in a characteristic biphasic sequence. Nevertheless, the plasma levels necessary to provoke these symptoms are to a large extent agent-specific. Initially, these toxic mechanisms are due to a selective blockade of cortical inhibitory neurons, which enables the formation of seizure potentials within subcortical structures. With high cerebral drug levels, however, excitatory neurons are also increasingly blocked, resulting in coma, apnoeic episodes and circulatory failure. Direct cardiac effects of local anaesthetics can be divided into (i) stereospecific inhibition of intracardial conduction and (ii) unspecific inhibition of myocardial energy supply and ion channels. The corresponding spectrum of symptoms is not uniform and may range from extreme bradycardia, (malignant) ventricular arrhythmia to refractory cardiac arrest. Local tissue toxicity has to be strictly delimited from systemic toxicity and allergies, respectively, which are mainly caused by aminoester agents. Local anaesthetics may cause neuronal and striated muscle injury at the site of injection. With regard to (central) neurotoxicity, "transient neurologic symptoms" and "cauda equina syndrome" have been increasingly recognised. However, the clinical relevance of local anaesthetic-induced myotoxicity is still controversly discussed. In order to avoid systemic accumulation of local anaesthetic agents, several safety procedures have to be considered during the application of these drugs. The treatment of systemic toxicity is strictly dependent on the expression of symptoms. However, hypoxia and acidotic episodes must be avoided and must be treated aggressively.

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Ueber eine neue organische Base in den Cocablättern

Cited by 50 publications

References 1 publication

Tropane and Granatane Alkaloid Biosynthesis: A Systematic Analysis

Tropane and Granatane Alkaloid Biosynthesis: A Systematic Analysis

Toxic plants: a chemist’s perspective

Toxikologie der Lokalan�sthetika

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