Ukuran kranial dan indeks sefalik pada anak retardasi mental (Cranial size and cephalic index of mentally retarded children)

Abstract

Background: Mental retardation is imperfect condition of mental development which resulted in delay of motoric development, speech and in adaption with the environment. The common symptoms is brain growth disorder, which affects the cranial size and the intelectual function lower than average (<70). Purpose: This study was aimed to determine the difference of cranial size and cephalic index of mentally retarded children compared with normal chilren based on antropometry and cephalometric measurement. Methods: This research was epidemiology analytic observational with case control design. The cranial size and cephalic index measurements were carried out on 168 children in range of age 7-12 years old (84 were moderate mental retarded children and 84 were normal children). Data was statistically analyzed with t-test. results: The size of cranial and cephalic on index on mentally retarded children were smaller than normal children. S-N and G-Op size were shorter than normal children, the results of S-N differences (-4.4), S-Ar (-2.38) and G-Op (-5.5), Eu-Eu (-8.24). The results analysis of linear and angle component cranial base (S-N, S-Ar and <NSAr) was significantly smaller than normal children. Based on age and genders, and the normal child was normocephalic. Odds ratio value of the head profile based on age groups 2.10 times (CI 0.290-3.390) compared to normal children 0.99 (CI 0.025-0.375). Based on gender the odds ratio value 1.469 times (CI 0.429-5.035) compared normal child 0.562 (CI 0.19-1.65). The head length and cranial base had related with gender. Cranial size on boys were bigger than girls. Conclusion: It is concluded that the cephalic index and the size of cranial base of mentally retarded children were smaller than normal children.

Comparison Between Fones Method and Modified Bass Method of Toothbrushing for Children with Down Syndrome in West Java, Indonesia

“…In DS, the ovum might present with autosome 21 during meiosis I phase and result in the formation of a zygote with trisomy 21 when ovulated by normal spermatozoa [3,4]. The main symptom of DS is the presence of intellectual disabilities ranging from 50-70, and sometimes 90, on the Binet and Wechsler scale [5]. An additional chromosome 21 is a characteristic finding in DS and accounts for the similarities in the appearance of people affected by this condition.…”

“…An additional chromosome 21 is a characteristic finding in DS and accounts for the similarities in the appearance of people affected by this condition. Mental retardation affects the level of intelligence, resulting in delayed motor development and speech problems [5]. Oral care in children with DS should encompass not only emergency treatments, such as tooth extraction, but also global rehabilitation to improve and maintain the functions of the teeth.…”