Ultra-dense hydrogen H(0) as dark matter in the universe: new possibilities for the cosmological red-shift and the cosmic microwave background radiation

Abstract

50 experimental publications exist on ultra-dense hydrogen H(0) from our laboratory. A review of these results was published recently (L. Holmlid and S. Zeiner-Gundersen in Phys. Scr. 74 (7), 2019, https://doi.org/10.1088/ 1402-4896/ab1276). The importance of this quantum material in space is accentuated by a few recent publications: The so called extended red emission (ERE) spectra in space agree well (L. Holmlid in Astrophys. J. 866:107, 2018a) with rotational spectra measured from H(0) in the laboratory, supporting the notion that H(0) is a major part of the dark matter in the Universe. The proton solar wind was shown to agree well with the protons ejected by Coulomb explosions in p(0), thus finally providing a convincing detailed energy mechanism for the solar wind protons (L. Holmlid in J. Geophys. Res. 122:7956-7962, 2017c). The very high corona temperature in the Sun is also directly explained (L. Holmlid in J. Geophys. Res. 122:7956-7962, 2017c) as caused by well-studied nuclear reactions in H(0). H(0) is the lowest energy form of hydrogen and H(0) is thus expected to exist everywhere where hydrogen exists in the Universe. The so called cosmological red-shifts have earlier been shown to agree quantitatively with stimulated Raman processes in ordinary Rydberg matter. H(0) easily transforms to ordinary Rydberg matter and can also form the largest length scale of matter, with highly excited electrons just a few K from the ionization limit. Such electronic states provide the small excitations needed in the condensed matter H(0) for a thermal emission at a few K temperature corresponding to the CMB, the so called cosmic microwave background radiation. These excitations can be observed B L. Holmlid directly by ordinary Raman spectroscopy (L. Holmlid in J. Raman Spectrosc. 39:1364Spectrosc. 39: -1374Spectrosc. 39: , 2008b. A purely thermal distribution from H(0) and also from ordinary Rydberg Matter at 2.7 K is the simplest explanation of the CMB. The coupling of electronic and vibrational degrees of freedom observed as in experiments with H(0) gives almost continuous energy excitations which can create a smooth thermal CMB emission spectrum as observed. Thus, both cosmological red-shifts and CMB are now proposed to partially be due to easily studied microscopic processes in ultradense hydrogen H(0) and the other related types of hydrogen matter at the two other length scales. These processes can be repeated at will in any laboratory. These microscopic formation processes are much simpler than the earlier proposed large-scale non-repeatable processes related to Big Bang.

Light Speed Expansion and Rotation of a Very Dark Machian Universe Having Internal Acceleration

“…As current cosmic temperature is at 2.7 K, recently it has been suggested that, galactic cold hydrogen can be considered as dark matter [70,71]. Since hydrogen is the basic building block of visible matter, this proposal can be given a chance.…”

Nuclear Processes in Dark Interstellar Matter of H(0) Decrease the Hope of Migrating to Exoplanets

“…Ultradense hydrogen exists in many different objects in space for example in the Sun [31], interstellar space [3,12] and probably also in giant planets and dwarf stars. The two ultradense materials p(0) and d(0) are slightly different also in structure [2].…”

“…Thus, H(0) will exist everywhere in space where hydrogen exists. The properties of H(0) and the higher hydrogen Rydberg matter levels H(l) [2] are thus of central importance for our understanding of the Universe [12]. H(0) has a density ten thousand times higher than the center of the Sun.…”

“…Such catalysts are active in hydrogen molecule splitting (dissociative adsorption), and several hydrogen active catalysts including pure metals have been used in the studies [6]. H(0) is concluded to exist in large amounts in space since it is the energetically and chemically most stable form of hydrogen [2,12]. It is formed quite easily from atomic hydrogen, and hydrogen in space may have initially (primordially) existed in the form of H(0) (if such a concept as primordial is meaningful at all).…”

Light Speed Expansion and Rotation of a Very Dark Machian Universe Having Internal Acceleration

“…Assumed galactic visible mass and estimated dark mass, total mass, working radii and visible mass density of low massive galaxies. can be considered as dark matter[77] [78]. Since hydrogen is the basic building block of visible matter, this proposal can be given a chance.…”