Ultra High Flux 2-D CdZnTe Monolithic Detector Arrays for X-Ray Imaging Applications

Szeles, Csaba; Soldner, S.A.; Vydrin, S.; Graves, J.D.; Bale, Derek S.

doi:10.1109/tns.2007.902362

Cited by 45 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…[1][2][3] Its unique properties include high average atomic number ensuring efficient radiation-atomic interaction, large bandgap offering high resistivity and low leakage current, high electron mobility-lifetime product, and availability of materials with large cross-sectional area and thickness. 1 These merits fulfill the needs of a wealth of diverse applications, such as nuclear medical imaging, nonproliferation inspections, industrial monitoring, environmental safety and remediation, astronomical observations, and basic physics investigations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Post-growth Annealing of Cadmium Zinc Telluride Crystals for Room-Temperature Radiation Detectors

Yang

Bolotnikov

Fochuk

et al. 2012

Journal of Elec Materi

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We investigated the effects of post-growth annealing on cadmium zinc telluride crystals intended for use as room-temperature radiation detectors. Annealing under Cd vapor effectively eliminated Te inclusions. The material's resistivity was lowered, and loss of Zn component was observed. Annealing under Cd + Zn vapors similarly removed Te inclusions. Furthermore, after exposure to the two vapors, we noted a change in the crystal surface morphology, i.e., formation of patterns of parallel lines. In contrast to annealing under Cd vapor alone, high resistivity was maintained after suitably controlling the Cd and Zn pressures.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Te inclusions are one of most common defects in as-grown CZT. 1,2 Their presence at high densities lowers the efficiency of charge collection and degrades the detector performance. 3 Therefore, suitable approaches are being sought to eliminate Te inclusions in CZT crystals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-growth Annealing of Cadmium Zinc Telluride Crystals for Room-Temperature Radiation Detectors

Yang

Bolotnikov

Fochuk

et al. 2012

Journal of Elec Materi

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Calibration was obtained from one phantom of 14 cm in diameter. This one-point calibration was used to decompose breast sizes of 8,10,12,14,16,18, and 20 cm in diameter. As seen from the graphs, measurements were more accurate in the vicinity of 14 cm.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Current CZT detector technology allows for five to eight user-selectable energy bins. 16,18,21,28 Here, our simulated detector could resolve the spectrum into five energy bins. The sinogram for each energy bin is calculated by…”

Section: Iie System Geometry and X-ray Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Least squares parameter estimation methods for material decomposition with energy discriminating detectors

Lê

Molloi

2010

Medical Physics

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Purpose: Energy resolving detectors provide more than one spectral measurement in one image acquisition. The purpose of this study is to investigate, with simulation, the ability to decompose four materials using energy discriminating detectors and least squares minimization techniques. Methods: Three least squares parameter estimation decomposition techniques were investigated for four-material breast imaging tasks in the image domain. The first technique treats the voxel as if it consisted of fractions of all the materials. The second method assumes that a voxel primarily contains one material and divides the decomposition process into segmentation and quantification tasks. The third is similar to the second method but a calibration was used. The simulated computed tomography ͑CT͒ system consisted of an 80 kVp spectrum and a CdZnTe ͑CZT͒ detector that could resolve the x-ray spectrum into five energy bins. A postmortem breast specimen was imaged with flat panel CT to provide a model for the digital phantoms. Hydroxyapatite ͑HA͒ ͑50, 150, 250, 350, 450, and 550 mg/ml͒ and iodine ͑4, 12, 20, 28, 36, and 44 mg/ml͒ contrast elements were embedded into the glandular region of the phantoms. Calibration phantoms consisted of a 30/70 glandular-toadipose tissue ratio with embedded HA ͑100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg/ml͒ and iodine ͑5, 15, 25, 35, and 45 mg/ml͒. The x-ray transport process was simulated where the Beer-Lambert law, Poisson process, and CZT absorption efficiency were applied. Qualitative and quantitative evaluations of the decomposition techniques were performed and compared. The effect of breast size was also investigated. Results: The first technique decomposed iodine adequately but failed for other materials. The second method separated the materials but was unable to quantify the materials. With the addition of a calibration, the third technique provided good separation and quantification of hydroxyapatite, iodine, glandular, and adipose tissues. Quantification with this technique was accurate with errors of 9.83% and 6.61% for HA and iodine, respectively. Calibration at one point ͑one breast size͒ showed increased errors as the mismatch in breast diameters between calibration and measurement increased. A four-point calibration successfully decomposed breast diameter spanning the entire range from 8 to 20 cm. For a 14 cm breast, errors were reduced from 5.44% to 1.75% and from 6.17% to 3.27% with the multipoint calibration for HA and iodine, respectively. Conclusions:The results of the simulation study showed that a CT system based on CZT detectors in conjunction with least squares minimization technique can be used to decompose four materials. The calibrated least squares parameter estimation decomposition technique performed the best, separating and accurately quantifying the concentrations of hydroxyapatite and iodine.

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Photoconductor Digital X‐Ray Imaging

Zentai

2010

Solar Cells and Their Applications

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Ultra High Flux 2-D CdZnTe Monolithic Detector Arrays for X-Ray Imaging Applications

Cited by 45 publications

References 4 publications

Post-growth Annealing of Cadmium Zinc Telluride Crystals for Room-Temperature Radiation Detectors

Post-growth Annealing of Cadmium Zinc Telluride Crystals for Room-Temperature Radiation Detectors

Least squares parameter estimation methods for material decomposition with energy discriminating detectors

Photoconductor Digital X‐Ray Imaging

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