Ultra high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry based identification of steroid esters in serum and plasma: An efficient strategy to detect natural steroids abuse in breeding and racing animals

Kaabia, Zied; Hanganu, F.; Cesbron, Nora; Bichon, Emmanuelle; Popot, Marie-Agnès; Bonnaire, Yves; Bizec, Bruno Le

doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.010

Cited by 39 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…An exothermic (Table 1) Confirmation of the mechanisms with 13 C-labeled estradiol The 13 C-labeled estradiol (Fig. 1b) was used to confirm the proposed mechanisms.…”

Section: Fragmentations Of D-ring and Formation Of Ion Pairsmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…1b) was used to confirm the proposed mechanisms. Initial inspection of the 13 C-labeled estradiol spectra indicates that the loss of CO from the phenol ring of estradiol is not a major pathway. Loss of CO will be associated with the loss of one 13 C. The product ions (1, 2, 18, 20, 17, 13 and 23) in the M…”

Section: Fragmentations Of D-ring and Formation Of Ion Pairsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Interpretation of the fragmentation patterns of the low-mass ions such as m/z 186 of estradiol is not trivial; therefore, product ion spectra of the 13 C-labeled estradiol were used to confirm the structure of these ions. As expected, the peaks in the product ion spectrum of 26 at m/z 188 of 13 C-estradiol (Fig. 3h) are shifted by 2 a.m.u.…”

Section: Fragmentations Of D-ring and Formation Of Ion Pairsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[12] Recently, analysis of estradiol using HPLC/MSMS gave LOD in the range of pg/ml. [13] These techniques are promising, and it is imperative to understand the fragmentation pathways of estradiol to gain a better insight in structure elucidation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Collision induced dissociations of non‐derivatized and trimethylsilyl‐derivatized estradiols: similarities in fragmentation patterns

Jeilani

Harruna

et al. 2015

J. Mass Spectrom.

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Fragmentation mechanisms of estradiol and trimethylsilyl (TMS)-derivatized estradiol were studied by triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (MSMS) and density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level. Collision induced dissociations (CID) of estradiol give product ions that are associated with the cleavage of B, C and D rings. Characteristic fragments from the cleavage of the aromatic ring A were not identified, and this was confirmed with both labeled estradiol and trimethylsilyl (TMS)-derivatized estradiol. The mechanisms are based on charge-site directed, radical-directed and charge remote fragmentations that are consistent with previous studies of steroids. CID spectra show ion pairs at m/z: 145/146, 157/158, 185/186, 211/213 and 225/226 with significant intensities, suggesting that these pairs are not from isotopic contributions. The mechanisms show similarities with some minor differences in the fragmentation patterns between the non-derivatized and the TMS-derivatized estradiol.

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“…An exothermic (Table 1) Confirmation of the mechanisms with 13 C-labeled estradiol The 13 C-labeled estradiol (Fig. 1b) was used to confirm the proposed mechanisms.…”

Section: Fragmentations Of D-ring and Formation Of Ion Pairsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Fragmentations Of D-ring and Formation Of Ion Pairsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Fragmentations Of D-ring and Formation Of Ion Pairsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Collision induced dissociations of non‐derivatized and trimethylsilyl‐derivatized estradiols: similarities in fragmentation patterns

Jeilani

Harruna

et al. 2015

J. Mass Spectrom.

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“…The detection of steroid esters in equine serum and plasma has been also referred as an wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/dta unequivocal proof of an exogenous administration of naturally occurring steroids. [65] Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) constitute another class of compounds with anabolic properties but with few androgenic side-effects. Cases of illicit use of SARMs in human sports have been reported.…”

Section: Nickelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges in detecting substances for equine anti‐doping

Fragkaki

Kioukia‐Fougia

Kiousi

et al. 2017

Drug Testing and Analysis

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The artificial increase of the physical capability of horses using drugs is well known in racing and other equine sports. Both illicit and therapeutic substances are regarded as prohibited substances in competition in most countries. Some countries make distinctions for a few, specific drugs which are, however, allowed for use in other countries. The primary objective in the case of doping control is the detection of any trace of drug exposure, either parent drug or any of its metabolites, using the most powerful analytical methods which are generally based on chromatographic/mass spectrometric techniques. Of major concern in horseracing is the absence of a single organization regulating the anti-doping framework; instead of this, individual racing authorities provide rules and regulations often resulting in variations in the applied doping control programmes of different countries. The aim of this paper is to review the recent literature (approximately from 2012 to mid-2016) to highlight the numerous and diverse challenges faced in doping control of racing and equestrian sports, including the detection of designer drugs (anabolic steroids or stimulants) and of other emerging prohibited substances, such as peptides and noble gases in horse urine and plasma. Moreover, the application of 'omics' techniques (especially of metabolomics) deserves attention for establishing possible fingerprints of drug abuse as well as the evolution of instrumental analysis resulting a powerful ally in the fight against doping in equine sports.

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