Nanomaterials with antimicrobial
properties triggered by external stimuli appear to be a promising
and innovative substitute for the destruction of antibiotic-resistant
superbugs as they can induce multiple disruptions in the cellular
mechanism. This study demonstrates the use of squaraine (SQ) dye as
the photosensitive material, activated in the near-infrared tissue-transparent
therapeutic window. The dye has been covalently attached to the ZnO
nanoparticle surface, forming ZnO-SQ nanohybrids. The formation of
the nanohybrids is confirmed using Fourier transform infrared and
other optical spectroscopic methods. The photoinduced interfacial
electron transfer process (as confirmed using the time-resolved fluorescence
technique) from the excited state of SQ to the conduction band of
ZnO is responsible for the greater reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation
ability of the nanohybrid. The production of photoactivated ROS (especially
singlet oxygen species) by ZnO-SQ provides remarkable antimicrobial
action against clinically significant Staphylococcus
aureus. Detailed investigations suggest synergistic
involvement of cell membrane disruption and nanoparticle internalization
followed by photoinduced intracellular ROS generation, which result
in an unprecedented 95% bacterial killing activity by the nanohybrid.
Moreover, the efficacy of the nanohybrid for disruption of bacterial
biofilms has been examined. The electron microscopic images suggest
significant bacterial cell death following structural alteration and
reduced adherence property of the biofilms. Nanodimension-driven greater
internalization of ZnO-SQ followed by an improved dissolution of ZnO
in an acidic environment of the biofilm as well as red-light-driven
interfacial charge separation and ROS generation improves the efficacy
of the material for biofilm destruction. An artificial medical implant
mimicking titanium sheets coated with ZnO-SQ depicts light-triggered
disruption in the adherence property of matured biofilms. The cytotoxicity
and hemolysis assays show inherent biocompatibility of the photoactive
nanohybrid. This study is notably promising for the treatment of life-threatening
drug-resistant infections and eradication of biofilms formed within
artificial implants.