Ultrafast laser inscription in chalcogenide glass: thermal versus athermal fabrication

Gretzinger, Thomas; Gross, Simon; Ams, Martin; Arriola, Alexander; Withford, Michael J.

doi:10.1364/ome.5.002862

Cited by 27 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In addition to that, the core diameter of the waveguide as well as the mode field diameter can be precisely controlled by the selected distance between the laser‐induced modifications. In contrast to established femtosecond laser writing of waveguides in transparent materials based on the creation of Type I waveguides with varying core dimensions, [ 56–58 ] this flexibility offers a significant advantage in terms of fiber coupling efficiencies.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer Photonic Crystal Waveguides Generated by Femtosecond Laser

Roth

Kefer

Hessler

et al. 2021

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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Femtosecond laser‐based fabrication of integrated photonic crystal waveguides inside of a transparent polymer is reported. In general, the fabrication of waveguides based on femtosecond laser‐induced positive refractive index modifications is feasible. However, in transparent polymers their performance is limited since only minor refractive index changes can be achieved with this technique. These restrictions can be circumvented by generating hexagonal “photonic lattice like” waveguides, which consist of negative refractive index modifications in the cladding, enabling light confinement in the unirradiated core. A comprehensive study on the fabrication of this new class of polymer waveguide is performed as well as a characterization of its numerical aperture, mode field diameter, and attenuation. In addition, integration of Bragg gratings based on positive and negative refractive index modulations within the waveguide's core is studied. Moreover, we highlight that polymer photonic crystal waveguides are compatible with common femtosecond laser‐based internal structuring processes, enabling the creation of monolithic optofluidic devices, which is demonstrated by the fabrication of a Fabry–Pérot interferometer.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer Photonic Crystal Waveguides Generated by Femtosecond Laser

Roth

Kefer

Hessler

et al. 2021

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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show abstract

“…The slit beam shaping technique [17] with a physical slit aperture has already been applied for waveguide writing in the low and high repetition rate regime for several glasses [18][19][20][21] to improve the performance of shallow waveguides. Astigmatic focusing may also be employed for a similar effect [22,23], while the multiscan technique [2,20,24] also allows control of the waveguide shape. However, to overcome the problem of depth-related focus distortion, the correction of SA is crucial.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive optics aberration correction for deep direct laser written waveguides in the heating regime

Bisch¹,

Guan

Booth

et al. 2019

Appl. Phys. A

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We demonstrate the negative effect of depth-dependent spherical aberration on femtosecond laser written waveguides fabricated in the high pulse repetition rate regime (1 MHz). Writing inside borosilicate Eagle 2000 glass, we show that, even in the cumulative heating regime, the focal distortion encountered at greater depths prevents the formation of single-mode waveguides. A liquid crystal spatial light modulator was incorporated for adaptive optics aberration correction, enabling low-loss single-mode waveguides to be written at various depths up to 1 mm. This result allows the accurate fabrication of 3D photonic devices consisting of uniform waveguides located at different depths.

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“…GLS waveguides with low propagation losses of 1.5 dB cm −1 at 633 nm wavelength [5] and 0.65 dB cm −1 at 1560 nm wavelength [12] have previously been demonstrated with femtosecond laser writing. In addition, femtosecond inscribed mid-IR photonic circuits for astronomical applications were reported with ∼1 dB cm −1 loss at 3.39 μm wavelength [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Femtosecond laser inscription of nonlinear photonic circuits in Gallium Lanthanum Sulphide glass

et al. 2018

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We report on femtosecond laser writing of single mode optical waveguides in chalcogenide Gallium Lanthanum Sulphide (GLS) glass. A multiscan fabrication process was employed to create waveguides with symmetric single mode guidance and low insertion losses for the first time at 800 nm wavelength, compatible with Ti:Sapphire ultrafast lasers and nonlinear photonics applications. μRaman and x-ray microanalysis were used to elucidate the origin of the laser-induced refractive index change in GLS. We found that the laser irradiation produced a gentle modification of the GLS network, altering the Ga-S and La-S bonds to induce an increase in the refractive index. Nonlinear refractive index measurements of the waveguides were performed by finding the optical switching parameters of a directional coupler, demonstrating that the nonlinear properties were preserved, evidencing that GLS is a promising platform for laser-written integrated nonlinear photonics.

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Ultrafast laser inscription in chalcogenide glass: thermal versus athermal fabrication

Cited by 27 publications

References 45 publications

Polymer Photonic Crystal Waveguides Generated by Femtosecond Laser

Polymer Photonic Crystal Waveguides Generated by Femtosecond Laser

Adaptive optics aberration correction for deep direct laser written waveguides in the heating regime

Femtosecond laser inscription of nonlinear photonic circuits in Gallium Lanthanum Sulphide glass

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