Ultrafast X-Ray Diffraction Studies of the Phase Transitions and Equation of State of Scandium Shock Compressed to 82 GPa

Briggs, R.J.; Gorman, M. G.; Coleman, Amy L.; McWilliams, R. S.; McBride, E. E.; McGonegle, David; Wark, J. S.; Peacock, L. J.; Rothman, S. D.; MacLeod, Simon; Bolme, C. A.; Gleason, A. E.; Collins, G. W.; Eggert, J. H.; Fratanduono, D. E.; Smith, R. F.; Galtier, Eric; Granados, Eduardo; Lee, H J; Nagler, Bob; Nam, Inhyuk; Xing, Z.; McMahon, M. I.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.118.025501

Cited by 57 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The rapid timescale of dynamic compression has led to questions about the kinetics of structural change - and whether dynamically-produced states are at thermodynamic equilibrium. Establishing the kinetics of phase transformations 3 , 4 , 6 , particularly those to the high-pressure phases encountered in dynamic compression 5 – 7 , is essential for a range of natural and technical applications from the study of meteor impact to the performance of alloys under high strain rates. Using an XFEL source, we have determined the lattice-level response of a shocked material as it undergoes multiple structural changes in both the solid and liquid phases, revealing a wealth of new behaviour.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While the presence of shocked liquid-Bi on release near 5 GPa was recently observed for the first time at an XFEL 4 , the limited angular range of the X-ray data precluded quantitative analysis of the liquid structure similar to that developed in static experiments 19 . However, the improved data quality and extended angular range that have since become available 5 now allow for structural studies of shocked liquids for the first time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Femtosecond diffraction studies of solid and liquid phase changes in shock-compressed bismuth

Gorman

Coleman

Briggs

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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Bismuth has long been a prototypical system for investigating phase transformations and melting at high pressure. Despite decades of experimental study, however, the lattice-level response of Bi to rapid (shock) compression and the relationship between structures occurring dynamically and those observed during slow (static) compression, are still not clearly understood. We have determined the structural response of shock-compressed Bi to 68 GPa using femtosecond X-ray diffraction, thereby revealing the phase transition sequence and equation-of-state in unprecedented detail for the first time. We show that shocked-Bi exhibits a marked departure from equilibrium behavior - the incommensurate Bi-III phase is not observed, but rather a new metastable phase, and the Bi-V phase is formed at significantly lower pressures compared to static compression studies. We also directly measure structural changes in a shocked liquid for the first time. These observations reveal new behaviour in the solid and liquid phases of a shocked material and give important insights into the validity of comparing static and dynamic datasets.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Femtosecond diffraction studies of solid and liquid phase changes in shock-compressed bismuth

Gorman

Coleman

Briggs

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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“…The molecular mechanisms of melting and the characteristic timescales of the process are not well elucidated, as for any other phase transition. In fact, great effort is presently being made with state of the art experimental techniques to understand the intrinsic kinetics of structural transformations, particularly under dynamic compression, by which phase-transition boundaries up to extreme pressures (P) and temperatures (T) can be accessed (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6). Melting is the least hindered of phase transitions, requiring the disruption of the crystalline order and the achievement of the local structure of the liquid phase.…”

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confidence: 99%

Melting dynamics of ice in the mesoscopic regime

Citroni

Fanetti

Falsini³

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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How does a crystal melt? How long does it take for melt nuclei to grow? The melting mechanisms have been addressed by several theoretical and experimental works, covering a subnanosecond time window with sample sizes of tens of nanometers and thus suitable to determine the onset of the process but unable to unveil the following dynamics. On the other hand, macroscopic observations of phase transitions, with millisecond or longer time resolution, account for processes occurring at surfaces and time limited by thermal contact with the environment. Here, we fill the gap between these two extremes, investigating the melting of ice in the entire mesoscopic regime. A bulk ice I h or ice VI sample is homogeneously heated by a picosecond infrared pulse, which delivers all of the energy necessary for complete melting. The evolution of melt/ice interfaces thereafter is monitored by Mie scattering with nanosecond resolution, for all of the time needed for the sample to reequilibrate. The growth of the liquid domains, over distances of micrometers, takes hundreds of nanoseconds, a time orders of magnitude larger than expected from simple H-bond dynamics.Mie scattering | temperature jump | superheating | laser heating | anvil cell M elting of ice is one of the most common occurrences on our planet, from polar ices to glaciers, to the morning frost and the preparation of our drinks. Ices are present as well in extraterrestrial environments, planetary and intersellar, going through extremely different pressure and temperature conditions, where many phase boundaries are encountered. The molecular mechanisms of melting and the characteristic timescales of the process are not well elucidated, as for any other phase transition. In fact, great effort is presently being made with state of the art experimental techniques to understand the intrinsic kinetics of structural transformations, particularly under dynamic compression, by which phase-transition boundaries up to extreme pressures (P) and temperatures (T) can be accessed (1-6). Melting is the least hindered of phase transitions, requiring the disruption of the crystalline order and the achievement of the local structure of the liquid phase.The dynamics of melting have been studied up to the present in the picosecond timescale, observing structural changes on a length scale of few nanometers, in the attempt to explain the fundamental mechanisms of the transition onset. In both simulations and experiments, micrometric-or submicrometric-sized crystals can be rapidly heated above the melting temperature (Tm ), into a superheated state where melting occurs. Metals and water ice have been the test systems. Simulations have revealed a nucleation and growth mechanism (7-11), and nucleation has been especially addressed, in trying to determine the minimum number of atoms/molecules needed to form a critical nucleus for the transitions, the solid/melt interfacial energy, the transient local structures achieved during the transformation, and the role of defects and surfaces. Experimentally...

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“…LCLS shock compression studies (shown in Figure 5) demonstrate for the first time that that these complex crystal structures can develop in less than a few nanoseconds [13]. Time-resolved X-ray scattering studies of scandium under shock compression map the evolving crystal structure along the Hugoniot up to a pressure of 82 GPa.…”

Section: Matter In Extreme Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Linac Coherent Light Source: Recent Developments and Future Plans

et al. 2017

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Abstract:The development of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has launched a new era in X-ray science by providing ultrafast coherent X-ray pulses with a peak brightness that is approximately one billion times higher than previous X-ray sources. The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) facility at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, the world's first hard X-ray FEL, has already demonstrated a tremendous scientific impact across broad areas of science. Here, a few of the more recent representative highlights from LCLS are presented in the areas of atomic, molecular, and optical science; chemistry; condensed matter physics; matter in extreme conditions; and biology. This paper also outlines the near term upgrade (LCLS-II) and motivating science opportunities for ultrafast X-rays in the 0.25-5 keV range at repetition rates up to 1 MHz. Future plans to extend the X-ray energy reach to beyond 13 keV (<1 Å) at high repetition rate (LCLS-II-HE) are envisioned, motivated by compelling new science of structural dynamics at the atomic scale.

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Ultrafast X-Ray Diffraction Studies of the Phase Transitions and Equation of State of Scandium Shock Compressed to 82 GPa

Cited by 57 publications

References 33 publications

Femtosecond diffraction studies of solid and liquid phase changes in shock-compressed bismuth

Femtosecond diffraction studies of solid and liquid phase changes in shock-compressed bismuth

Melting dynamics of ice in the mesoscopic regime

The Linac Coherent Light Source: Recent Developments and Future Plans

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