Ultrahigh rate and high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries with resorcinol-formaldehyde xerogel derived highly porous carbon matrix as sulfur cathode host

Gaikwad, Mayur M.; Sarode, Krishna Kumar; Pathak, Anil D.; Sharma, Chandra Shekhar

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.131521

Cited by 31 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…The XRD pattern of the composite confirms the successful incorporation of orthorhombic crystalline sulfur into the carbon nanofiber matrix, and the crystalline peaks correspond to the characteristic peaks of orthorhombic sulfur [JCPDS file no. 83–2283] . The results are consistent with the SEM and TEM observations.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Figure a shows the XPS spectra of CS-CNF-2. The three peaks around 284, 530.5, and 398 eV correspond to C 1s, O 1s, and N 1s, respectively − Figure b shows the XPS spectra of C 1s, which are asymmetric in shape, and it was deconvoluted to observe multiple peaks. The C 1s carbon peak observed in the XPS spectra was due to the pyrolysis of nanofibers at elevated temperatures.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Candle Soot-Embedded Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers as a Flexible and Free-Standing Sulfur Host for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Cherian,

Kishore,

Reddy

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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Lithium−sulfur batteries (LSBs) have gained considerable attention during the last few decades owing to their high energy density than conventional Li-ion batteries. Apart from the various technical challenges associated with LSBs, there is a need to eliminate the binder, additive, and current collectors used in conventional cell fabrication to enhance the energy density of LSBs. Therefore, this work reports a free-standing flexible cathode matrix synthesized by electrospun nanofiber using candle soot (CS)-incorporated polyacrylonitrile to boost the performance of LSBs. Sulfur is incorporated into a free-standing CS-carbon nanofiber (CS-CNF) mat by a melt diffusion approach. This flexible free-standing architecture provides good mechanical and electrical properties and also assists in suppressing the infamous shuttle effect of polysulfides. Further, its porous network helps to sustain the volume variation arising during electrochemical redox reactions. A detailed electrochemical study reveals that the interconnected nanofiber architecture helps in high sulfur loading and shows excellent rate performance and cyclability. The fabricated LSB with the CS (2 wt %)-CNF/S cathode delivers a high initial discharge capacity of 804 mAh g −1 at 0.5 A g −1 over 200 cycles of the charge−discharge cycle after the rate capability study. Further, the CS (2 wt %)-CNF/S cathode delivers a remarkable specific capacity of 1190 mAh g −1 at 0.1 A g −1 and 865 mAh g −1 after 400 cycles at a high current rate of 1 A g −1 . This study paves an innovative way to synthesize scalable and cost-effective procedures for developing an excellent carbon nanofiber-based free-standing flexible cathode matrix for high-performance LSBs with higher sulfur loading for commercial adoption.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Candle Soot-Embedded Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers as a Flexible and Free-Standing Sulfur Host for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Cherian,

Kishore,

Reddy

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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“…[7] Attributed to the formation of ordered turbostratic carbon and increased degree of graphitization with improved conductivity, activated carbon shows a slight shift towards the right side with increased peak intensity. [22] Additionally, a smaller peak at ≈43° is indexed to the (100) plane of carbon. [7] Figure 2b shows the Raman spectra of both the activated and non-activated carbons in the range of 900-3000 cm −1 with D and G-bands positioned at 1350 and 1582 cm −1 respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A High‐Energy Density Li‐Ion Hybrid Capacitor Fabricated from Bio‐Waste Derived Carbon Nanosheets Cathode and Graphite Anode

et al. 2022

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Hence, the quest for a single energy storage system equipped with both high energy and power characteristics along with good rate and stability seems insatiable. Early 2000s has seen the advent of Li-ion hybrid capacitors (LIHC) which conjugates a high-capacity anode capable of high charge acceptance with reversible Li-ion insertion and de-insertion and a high surface area porous cathode with efficient ion adsorption properties exhibiting electrical double layer charge (EDLC) storage behavior. [4][5][6] This coalesces of a battery-type anode with high energy density, and supercapacitor cathode with high power density is expected to integrate the complementary characteristics of these two devices. The charge storage mechanism in LIHCs is different from that of conventional batteries and supercapacitors. Upon charging the system above its open-circuit voltage (OCV), the PF 6 − and Li + ions from the electrolyte get adsorbed on the cathode and intercalate on the anode, respectively. However, when the system is discharged below its OCV, the de-intercalated PF 6 − ions gets desorbed on the cathode and the reverse process takes place during charging. [7][8][9][10] Various metal alloys, oxides, and carbon materials are explored as electrodes for LIHCs. Specific to the carbon-based anode counterparts, graphene, graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, carbon nanofibers, etc., are studied. [11][12][13] The LIHCs with graphene//activated carbon (AC), graphite// AC, hard carbon//AC have shown 80-150 Wh kg −1 energy densities at 150-65 W kg −1 power densities. [14][15][16] One of the reports investigates the electrochemical performance of natural graphite, artificial graphite, and hard carbon as anodes for LIHCs. [16] Solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation is essentially required by the carbon anodes to protect the consumed electrolyte decomposition and continue Li-ion insertion and de-insertion. [17,18] In general, hard carbons are found to have superior initial irreversible capacity loss resulting from the energy consumed during the SEI formation. [19] Nevertheless, the hard carbons are also proven to have better rate capability and stability than other carbon anodes. In another report, the electrochemical performances of petroleum coke-derived soft carbon and graphite anodes were examined. The petroleum coke-derived soft carbon showed superior cycle stability similar to EDLCs while the graphite exhibited high charge storage properties. [20,21] The unaltered fact of high energy battery anodeThe Li-ion hybrid capacitor (LIHC) system explores the possibility of achieving both high energy and power density in a single energy storage system with an intercalation anode and capacitive cathode. However, to achieve a high power and energy-based system, the properties of the cathode electrode material are vital. Here, bio-waste plant stem-derived activated porous carbon is explored as a cathode for LIHC application. A specific surface area of 1826 m 2 g −1 , enhanced degree of crystallinity, and graphitization results for porous ca...

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“…For the xerogels studied here, there are limited differences between the 20% w/v and 30% w/v xerogels, which indicates that solubility is not a strong influence within this particular study. Higher R/C xerogels also exhibit larger pore sizes and volumes, which presents a new avenue for tuning these materials to selected applications, including their use in soil amendments, within fuel cells, or in technologies for CCS [ 25 ], air separation [ 26 ], water treatment [ 27 ], electrochemical processes [ 28 ], and hydrogen storage [ 29 ], including the use of doped variants for enhanced interaction [ 30 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Cations in Resorcinol–Formaldehyde Gel Textural Characteristics

Taylor

Yang

Fletcher

2022

Gels

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The production of resorcinol–formaldehyde xerogels has yielded insight into the gelation processes underpinning their structures. In this work, the role of the cation species from the catalyst is probed by studying the simultaneous addition of sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate to a resorcinol–formaldehyde mixture. Twenty-eight xerogels were prepared by varying the solids content, catalyst concentration, and catalyst composition, and each was analysed for its textural properties, including the surface area and average pore diameter. The results indicate that the role of the cation is linked to the stabilisation of the clusters formed within the system, and that the Group II catalyst causes the salting out of the oligomers, resulting in fewer, larger clusters, hence, an increase in pore size and a broadening of the pore size distribution. The results provide insight into how these systems can be further controlled to create tailored porous materials for a range of applications.

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Ultrahigh rate and high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries with resorcinol-formaldehyde xerogel derived highly porous carbon matrix as sulfur cathode host

Cited by 31 publications

References 64 publications

Candle Soot-Embedded Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers as a Flexible and Free-Standing Sulfur Host for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Candle Soot-Embedded Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers as a Flexible and Free-Standing Sulfur Host for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

A High‐Energy Density Li‐Ion Hybrid Capacitor Fabricated from Bio‐Waste Derived Carbon Nanosheets Cathode and Graphite Anode

The Role of Cations in Resorcinol–Formaldehyde Gel Textural Characteristics

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