“…However, one layer of carbon, called graphene, shows powerful features, such as being harder than diamond, lighter than aluminum, and tougher than steel [ 5 ], which enabled applications of graphene in the coating, electronics, sensors, biotechnology, and so on. In addition to graphene, various nanomaterial types were discovered and screened, such as silver, copper, gold, iron, cobalt oxide, and titanium dioxide that boosted development of nanotechnology [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. Additionally, different structures of nanomaterials were developed, such as fullerene, nanofibers, nanotubes, nanowires, perovskites, and polymers [ 9 ].…”